Petroleum desalting by electrically pulverized rinsing water

A method of preparing petroleum and rinsing water emulsion using electric pulverization is described. The influence of various factors on the process of electric pulverization was studied in laboratory electropulverizing devices (EPD) with different lay out and configuration of electrodes. It is shown that by increasing electric field intensity, the size of water drops introduced into petroleum can be varied from a hundred to several micrometers with high degree of their monodispersion. It is ascertained that with an increase in electric conductivity the mean diameter of water drops reduces insignificantly. The emulsion dispersion does not depend on petroleum electric coductivity. With a decrease in interphase tension the mean size of drops in dispersed phase decreases. The possibility to improve petroleum desalting using EPD with required distribution of rinsing water drops over sizes is confirmed

Study of the Forces Acting on the Animal in the Installation for Fixing with Veterinary Treatments

The study of the forces acting on the animal in the installation for fixing with veterinary treatments. The most time consuming processes in service animals are zootechnical and veterinary treatment of sheep. During the year, it is necessary to carry out more than ten such treatments of each animal, which requires a lot of labor. Almost all animal treatments such as feed to the operator’s workplace and their fixation in a convenient position for him requires significant physical effort of the operator. Therefore, today the technologies and technical means should be created to reduce labor costs for various treatments. The relevance of the problem is due to the lack of theoretical foundations and experimental data for the creation of technological equipment for fixing sheep in zootechnical and veterinary treatments. The purpose of the study is the theoretical and experimental justification of the installation for fixing sheep in zootechnical and veterinary treatments with the justification of the existing efforts on the animal, excluding injury. Developed installation and presented a scheme with two of the conveyor belts forming the grooved shape When designing the installation, the main focus was on the justification of structural elements and modes of operation from the viewpoint of eliminating the possibility of injury to the animal. The experimental studies have confirmed the correctness of the obtained analytical dependences. The obtained results will enable designers to create equipment for the fixation of sheep at the zootechnical and veterinary treatments, precluding injury to the animal and reducing labor costs

Capture into Rydberg states and momentum distributions of ionized electrons

The yield of neutral excited atoms and low-energy photoelectrons generated by the electron dynamics in the combined Coulomb and laser field after tunneling is investigated. We present results of Monte-Carlo simulations built on the two-step semiclassical model, as well as analytic estimates and scaling relations for the population trapping into the Rydberg states. It is shown that mainly those electrons are captured into bound states of the neutral atom that due to their initial conditions (i) have moderate drift momentum imparted by the laser field and (ii) avoid strong interaction ("hard" collision) with the ion. In addition, it is demonstrated that the channel of capture, when accounted for in semiclassical calculations, has a pronounced effect on the momentum distribution of electrons with small positive energy. For the parameters that we investigated its presence leads to a dip at zero momentum in the longitudinal momentum distribution of the ionized electrons.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures in one zip-archiv

Development of the solar plant for heat supplying of the educational laboratory campus

The paper deals with solar plant, that provides heat water supplying of the Ural Federal University Heat, gas supplying and ventilation department educational laboratory campus. The paper presents the installation scheme of solar plant, it's operating principle and events that related with plant operating and working.Рассматривается теплогенерирующая установка с использованием плоских солнечных коллекторов, обеспечивающая горячее водоснабжение учебно-лабораторного корпуса кафедры ТГиВ УрФУ за счет возобновляемой (солнечной) энергии. Представлена схема, характеристики, принцип работы и мероприятия, проводимые и планируемые по обслуживанию установки

Improving the Efficiency of Heating of the Object to Inclusion of Solar Collectors into the Existing Scheme

The project of heat supply of the educational and laboratory building through the integrated use of renewable and non-traditional energy sources is considered. To implement this project, a number of studies were carried out, such as thermal imaging building monitoring. As a research task, the authors determined an attempt to evaluate the heat loses reducing possibility as well as the implementation of this event in the Ural region.Рассматривается проект теплоснабжения учебно-лабораторного корпуса путем комплексного использования возобновляемых и нетрадиционных источников энергии. Для реализации данного проекта проводится ряд исследований, в том числе тепловизионный мониторинг здания. В качестве исследовательской задачи авторами была определена попытка оценить возможность уменьшения величины тепловых потерь, а также реализации данного мероприятия в условиях Уральского региона

Assessment of Thermal Losses of the Laboratory Building of UrFU

В работе проведено исследование тепловых потерь тепла здания лабораторного корпуса. Приводятся методика расчета и тепловизионный способ выявления теплопотерь. Рассматривается возможность уменьшения величины потерь путем улучшения теплозащитных свойств ограждающих конструкций. В качестве исследовательской задачи авторами была определена попытка оценить возможность уменьшения величины тепловых потерь, а также реализации данного мероприятия в условиях Уральского региона.The study of heat loss of the laboratory building was carried out. The method of calculation and thermal imaging method of detection of heat loss are given. The possibility of reducing the value of losses by improving the thermal properties of enclosing structures is considered. As a research task, the authors determined an attempt to assess the possibility of reducing the value of heat losses, as well as the implementation of this event in the conditions of the Ural region

Steady state solutions of hydrodynamic traffic models

We investigate steady state solutions of hydrodynamic traffic models in the absence of any intrinsic inhomogeneity on roads such as on-ramps. It is shown that typical hydrodynamic models possess seven different types of inhomogeneous steady state solutions. The seven solutions include those that have been reported previously only for microscopic models. The characteristic properties of wide jam such as moving velocity of its spatiotemporal pattern and/or out-flux from wide jam are shown to be uniquely determined and thus independent of initial conditions of dynamic evolution. Topological considerations suggest that all of the solutions should be common to a wide class of traffic models. The results are discussed in connection with the universality conjecture for traffic models. Also the prevalence of the limit-cycle solution in a recent study of a microscopic model is explained in this approach.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure

Long-lived states in synchronized traffic flow. Empirical prompt and dynamical trap model

The present paper proposes a novel interpretation of the widely scattered states (called synchronized traffic) stimulated by Kerner's hypotheses about the existence of a multitude of metastable states in the fundamental diagram. Using single vehicle data collected at the German highway A1, temporal velocity patterns have been analyzed to show a collection of certain fragments with approximately constant velocities and sharp jumps between them. The particular velocity values in these fragments vary in a wide range. In contrast, the flow rate is more or less constant because its fluctuations are mainly due to the discreteness of traffic flow. Subsequently, we develop a model for synchronized traffic that can explain these characteristics. Following previous work (I.A.Lubashevsky, R.Mahnke, Phys. Rev. E v. 62, p. 6082, 2000) the vehicle flow is specified by car density, mean velocity, and additional order parameters $h$ and $a$ that are due to the many-particle effects of the vehicle interaction. The parameter $h$ describes the multilane correlations in the vehicle motion. Together with the car density it determines directly the mean velocity. The parameter $a$, in contrast, controls the evolution of $h$ only. The model assumes that $a$ fluctuates randomly around the value corresponding to the car configuration optimal for lane changing. When it deviates from this value the lane change is depressed for all cars forming a local cluster. Since exactly the overtaking manoeuvres of these cars cause the order parameter $a$ to vary, the evolution of the car arrangement becomes frozen for a certain time. In other words, the evolution equations form certain dynamical traps responsible for the long-time correlations in the synchronized mode.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, RevTeX

SOLAR PLANT FOR HOUSE HEAT SUPPLYING

The paper considers the scheme of heat supply using a flat solar collector. The scheme of work of installation is developed, its basic elements and their characteristics are considered.В работе рассмотрена схема теплоснабжения с использованием плоского солнечного коллектор. Разработана схема работы установки, рассмотрены основные ее элементы и их характеристики. Для установки был сконструирован бак аккумулятор, использование в котором 4-х слоев изоляции из пеноизола позволило получить "термос", что обеспечило снижение теплопотерь до 75 % по сравнению с вариантом неизолированной емкости

Формирование разрядного импульса в системах на базе электрогидравлического эффекта

To create an electrohydraulic effect, it is necessary to apply a voltage to the electrodes located in the liquid- filled working chamber. The voltage value should be high enough for a spark discharge to occur between the electrodes. In this case, in the working chamber there will be high pressure of the shock wave nature.Based on the electrohydraulic effect, a variety of technological devices can be created, for example, for the metal working process, crushing hard materials, pumping fluid, etc. Such devices have high efficiency and are environmentally friendly because of being not an additional pollutant source.High pressure in the working chamber arises from the high temperature of the plasma streamer in the inter-electrode space. A spark discharge occurs when there is an avalanche ionization of the liquid caused by the electric current between the working electrodes. A temperature jump, when there is the spark discharge, results in the partially evaporating liquid and the gas-liquid cavity formation around the streamer, which expands, creating a shock wave in the working chamber.To create technological devices based on electrohydraulic effect, it is necessary to be able to calculate the transients that occur, both in the electrical part and in the mechanical one. The paper proposes an algorithm to calculate the electric transients using a simple capacitive model of the system. Gives an example of calculation for two capacitance values of the storage capacitor and shows how time characteristics of the capacitor voltage and the discharge current in the inter-electrode space are changed.The proposed model is simple and adaptive for different tasks. Introducing the additional elements into its structure allows us to carry out more complex calculations, for example, to take into account parasitic inductance in the system, nonlinearity, and to consider spatial transients. Possessing a skill in the algorithm for calculating transients, allowed us to form a voltage pulse on the electrodes so that the parameters of the shock wave in the liquid-filled working chamber had the specified time and amplitude characteristics.To obtain the spark discharge in the inter-electrode space filled with liquid, it is necessary to form high voltage. Such a voltage can be obtained on the plates of the storage capacitor, using a voltage multiplier, operation of which the paper also discusses in detail.Для создания электрогидравлического эффекта необходимо на электроды, расположенные в рабочей камере, заполненной жидкостью, подать напряжение, уровень которого будет столь велик, что между электродами возникнет искровой разряд. При этом в рабочей камере будет возникать высокое давление, имеющее характер ударной волны.На основе электрогидравлического эффекта можно создавать различные технологические устройства, например, для обработки металлов давлением, для дробления твердых материалов, для перекачки жидкости и т.д. Такие устройства имеют высокую эффективность и экологичны, т.к. не являются источником дополнительного загрязнения окружающей среды.Причиной возникновения высокого давления в рабочей камере является высокая температура плазменного стримера в межэлектродном пространстве. Искровой разряд возникает при лавинной ионизации жидкости, причиной которой является протекание электрического тока между рабочими электродами. Резкое повышение температуры при искровом разряде приводит к испарению части жидкости, образованию газо-жидкостной полости вокруг стримера, которая расширяется, создавая ударную волну в рабочей камере.Для создания технических устройств на базе электрогидравлического эффекта, необходимо уметь рассчитывать переходные процессы, возникающие, как в электрической части, так и в механической. В представленной работе предлагается алгоритм расчета электрических переходных процессов с помощью простой емкостной модели системы. В работе приведен пример расчета для двух значений емкости накопительного конденсатора, показано, как изменяются временные характеристики напряжения на конденсаторе и разрядного тока в межэлектродном пространстве.Предложенная модель проста и адаптивна под различные задачи. Вводя в ее состав дополнительные элементы, можно проводить и более сложные расчеты, например, учесть паразитные индуктивности в системе, нелинейность, рассмотреть пространственные переходные процессы. Владея аппаратом расчета переходных процессов, можно формировать импульс напряжения на электродах таким образом, чтобы параметры ударной волны в рабочей камере, заполненной жидкостью, имели заданные временные и амплитудные характеристики.Для получения искрового разряда в межэлектродном пространстве, заполненном жидкостью, необходимо сформировать высокое напряжение. Такое напряжение можно получить на обкладках накопительного конденсатора (накопительных конденсаторов), используя умножитель напряжения, работа которого также подробно рассмотрена в представленной работе