Влияние автомобилей с ДВС и электромобилей на окружающую среду: сравнение и оценка факторов воздействия

In 2017 the number of motor vehicles, being in operation in the world, exceeded 1,5 billion units. Motorization has caused serious problems for safety of the environment, life and health of humans.This article discusses various factors of impact of motorisation and automobilisation on the environment.Until recently, harmful emissions from vehicles have been considered as the main significant factor in environmental pollution. Due to implementation of the technical policy for implementation of EURO environmental standards, the «center of gravity» in the problems of improving the environmental safety of vehicles is moving towards minimising the heat entering the environment after being emitted by motor vehicles engines. The greatest practical interest is associated with the recovery of energy spent on traction, as the recovery increases the energy efficiency of road transport while reducing the negative impact on the environment.A comparative assessment of cars with internal combustion engines and battery electric vehicles showed that the overall negative impact of comparable vehicles on the environment currently differs slightly.It is necessary to continue research and development in the field of energy recovery problems.В 2017 году количество эксплуатируемых в мире автотранспортных средств превысило 1,5 млрд единиц. Автомобилизация создала серьёзные проблемы для безопасности окружающей среды, жизни и здоровьялюдей.В статье рассматриваются различные факторы влияния автомобилизации на состояние окружающей среды. До последнего времени основным значимым фактором загрязнения окружающей среды считались вредные выбросы транспортных средств. Вследствие осуществления технической политики по реализации экологических норм EURO, «центр тяжести» в проблемах повышения экологической безопасности транспортных средств перемещается в направлении минимизации поступающего в окружающую среду тепла, выделяемого двигателями автотранспортных средств.Наибольший практический интерес представляет рекуперация энергии, расходуемой на тягу, что повышает энергоэффективность автомобильного транспорта при одновременном снижении негативного воздействия на окружающую среду.Сравнительная оценка автомобилей с ДВС и электромобилей показала, что общее негативное влияние сопоставляемых транспортных средств на окружающую среду в настоящее время различается незначительно. Необходимо продолжение исследований и выполнения опытно-конструкторских разработок в области проблем рекуперации энергии

Mechanism of mitochondrial permeability transition pore induction and damage in the pancreas: inhibition prevents acute pancreatitis by protecting production of ATP

Objective Acute pancreatitis is caused by toxins that induce acinar cell calcium overload, zymogen activation, cytokine release and cell death, yet is without specific drug therapy. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated but the mechanism not established. Design We investigated the mechanism of induction and consequences of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in the pancreas using cell biological methods including confocal microscopy, patch clamp technology and multiple clinically representative disease models. Effects of genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the MPTP were examined in isolated murine and human pancreatic acinar cells, and in hyperstimulation, bile acid, alcoholic and choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented acute pancreatitis. Results MPTP opening was mediated by toxin-induced inositol trisphosphate and ryanodine receptor calcium channel release, and resulted in diminished ATP production, leading to impaired calcium clearance, defective autophagy, zymogen activation, cytokine production, phosphoglycerate mutase 5 activation and necrosis, which was prevented by intracellular ATP supplementation. When MPTP opening was inhibited genetically or pharmacologically, all biochemical, immunological and histopathological responses of acute pancreatitis in all four models were reduced or abolished. Conclusions This work demonstrates the mechanism and consequences of MPTP opening to be fundamental to multiple forms of acute pancreatitis and validates the MPTP as a drug target for this disease

Mechanism of mitochondrial permeability transition pore induction and damage in the pancreas: inhibition prevents acute pancreatitis by protecting production of ATP

Objective: Acute pancreatitis is caused by toxins that induce acinar cell calcium overload, zymogen activation, cytokine release and cell death, yet is without specific drug therapy. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated but the mechanism not established. Design: We investigated the mechanism of induction and consequences of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in the pancreas using cell biological methods including confocal microscopy, patch clamp technology and multiple clinically representative disease models. Effects of genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the MPTP were examined in isolated murine and human pancreatic acinar cells, and in hyperstimulation, bile acid, alcoholic and choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented acute pancreatitis. Results: MPTP opening was mediated by toxin-induced inositol trisphosphate and ryanodine receptor calcium channel release, and resulted in diminished ATP production, leading to impaired calcium clearance, defective autophagy, zymogen activation, cytokine production, phosphoglycerate mutase 5 activation and necrosis, which was prevented by intracellular ATP supplementation. When MPTP opening was inhibited genetically or pharmacologically, all biochemical, immunological and histopathological responses of acute pancreatitis in all four models were reduced or abolished. Conclusions: This work demonstrates the mechanism and consequences of MPTP opening to be fundamental to multiple forms of acute pancreatitis and validates the MPTP as a drug target for this disease

Генетическая характеристика больных муковисцидозом в Российской Федерации по данным Национального регистра (2014)

The aim of this study was to investigate genetic features of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) according to the National Register findings in Russia. Methods. The study involved 2,131 CF patients living in 74 regions of Russia who were included in the National Register of CF patients in 2014. Results. Genetic testing was performed in 89% of patients. The total mutant allele frequency was 81.2%. One hundred and twenty two mutations were found which comprised 173 genotypes; «mild» mutations took 23%. The most common mutant allele frequencies in the descending order were as follows: F508del, 51.53%; СFTRdele2,3, 5.93%; E92K, 2.62%; 3849+10kbC>T, 2.14%; 2184insA, 1.80%; W1282X, 1.80%; 2143delT, 1.69 %; N1303K, 1.43%; G542X, 1.16%; 1677delTA, 0.98%; L138ins, 0.95%; R334W, 0.85%; 394delTT, 0.85%; 3821delT, 0.42%; 2789+5G>A, 0.37%; S466X, 0.37%; S1196X, 0.37%; 3272-16T>A, 0.34%; W1282R, 0.29%; 3944delGT, 0.21%. Typical features of CFTR mutation distribution in Russian CF patients were lower frequency of mutations which are predominant worldwide, such as F508del, G542X, N1303K, and scarce G551D, 1717-1G>A, 2183AA>G mutations. On contrary, СFTRdele2,3, E92K, 2184insA, 2143delT, 1677delTA, L138ins mutations which are quite rare in Western Europe were encountered more often in Russia. «Mild» mutations were more common in Russian population of CF patients compared to European countries and have being increasing last years. Conclusion. Genetic features of Russian CF patients could be provided by Slavic, Turkic and Finno-Ugric genetic influence on Russian population.Генетическому разнообразию больных муковисцидозом (МВ) в России посвящены единичные работы на ограниченной выборке больных. Цель. Выявление особенностей генетического профиля больных МВ в России по данным Национального регистра (2014). Материалы и методы. Данные пациентов с МВ (n = 2 131) из 74 регионов России, включенные в Национальный регистр больных МВ (2014). Результаты. Генетическое обследование проведено у 89,0 % больных, суммарная аллельная частота выявленных мутаций составила 81,2 %. Выявлено 122 мутации, которые сформировали 173 различных генотипа, среди которых доля «мягких» генотипов составила 23,0 %. Аллельная частота самых распространенных мутаций представлена в порядке убывания: F508del – 51,53 %, СFTRdele2,3 – 5,93 %, E92K – 2,62 %, 3849+10kbC>T – 2,14 %, 2184insA – 1,80 %, W1282X – 1,80 %, 2143delT – 1,69 %, N1303K – 1,43 %, G542X – 1,16 %, 1677delTA – 0,98 %, L138ins – 0,95 %, R334W – 0,85 %, 394delTT – 0,85 %, 3821delT – 0,42 %, 2789+5G>A – 0,37 %, S466X – 0,37 %, S1196X – 0,37 %, 3272-16T>A – 0,34 %, W1282R – 0,29 %, 3944delGT – 0,21 %. Выявлено, что особенностями распределения мутаций. CFTRсреди российских больных МВ являются меньшая частота доминирующих в мире мутаций, таких как F508del, G542X, N1303K, единичная встречаемость мутаций G551D, 1717-1G>A, 2183AA>G и наоборот – более высокая частота мутаций, являющихся относительно редкими в западноевропейских странах: СFTRdele2,3, E92K, 2184insA, 2143delT, 1677delTA, L138ins. Другой особенностью является более высокая встречаемость «мягких» мутаций в России по сравнению со странами Европы. Выявлено, что доля «мягких» мутаций в популяции больных МВ на протяжении последних лет увеличивается. Заключение. При формировании населения России особенности генетического профиля российских больных МВ определяются славянскими, тюркскими и финно-угорскими влияниями

A Tribute to Sergey Odinokov

“My main goal was to point out new phenomena and spread the ideas, which will become the starting points for new research” [...

A Tribute to Sergey Odinokov

“My main goal was to point out new phenomena and spread the ideas, which will become the starting points for new research” [...