Traditional practices and perceptions of epilepsy among people in Roma communities in Bulgaria

PURPOSE: We attempted to identify cultural aspects of epilepsy among the Roma community in Bulgaria by elucidating cultural beliefs, traditional treatments, and potential markers of stigma. METHODS: We established representative discussion groups among five distinct Roma subgroups (Lom, Kalderas, Thracian Tinsmiths (Tinkers), Kyustendil Xoroxane and Kopanari) from different Bulgarian regions. Data about local beliefs and treatment strategies were gathered. RESULTS: Most people were familiar with convulsions but non-convulsive focal seizures were seen not as epileptic but mainly as a "mental problem". Beliefs about putative etiologies for epilepsy were not uniform as some considered environmental and external factors such as high environmental temperatures, electric shocks, loud music, and fever as causes of seizures while others listed bad experiences, stress, trauma, and fear as possible causes. Epilepsy was seen by some as a divine punishment or resulting from black magic. Most considered epilepsy shameful and an obstacle to children attending school. Despite local differences, there was a uniform belief that epilepsy is incurable by Western medicine and people usually resort to traditional healers. A variety of rituals performed by local healers to treat epilepsy were described. DISCUSSION: Misconceptions about epilepsy may contribute to stigmatization in this population; this may in turn contribute to a high treatment gap in this group. As a result, the majority of Roma children with epilepsy are likely to leave school early, are greatly limited in their choice of spouse (particularly girls), and marriages often occur between people with epilepsy or those with a family history of epilepsy

Национален консенсус за диагностика, лечение, проследяване и профилактика на хередитарната транстиретиновата амилоидоза

Амилоидозите са широк спектър от заболявания, дължащи се на промени в белтъчната структура, в резултат на което нормално разтворим тетрамерен белтък след дестабилизация на четвъртичната структура и последващ разпад до свободни мономери образува неразтворими извънклетъчни фибрилни депозити, което води до органна дисфункция. Всички видове амилоид съдържат един основен фибрилен протеин, който определя вида на амилоида, както и по-малки компоненти. Над 20 различни фибрилни протеина, асоциирани с амилоидози са описани при хора, всяка от които има различна клинична картина. Един такъв белтък, който формира човешки амилоидни фибрили, е транстиретина (Ando Y. и сътр. 2005). TTР действа като транспортен белтък за тироксин в плазма. TTР също транспортира ретинол (витамин А) чрез свързването му с ретинол-свързващия протеин. Той циркулира като тетрамер от четири идентични субединици. TTР може да бъде открит в плазмата и ликвора. Синтезира се главно в черния дроб и хориоидния плексус на мозъка и в по-малка степен - в ретината. Генът TTР е локализиран върху дългото рамо на хромозома 18 и съдържа 4 екзона и 3 интрона. Системните амилоидози се означават с главна буква А (за амилоид), следвана от съкращението за химическата същност на фибрилния протеин. Така например, TTР амилоидоза се съкращава ATTР, а амилоидоза при отлагане на леките вериги на имуноглобулините – AЛ (Saraiva M. и сътр., 1984; Connors L. и сътр., 2003; Ando Y. и сътр. 2005). Класифицирането на откритите генетични варианти е от изключително значение за молекулярно-генетичните тестове и тяхната интерпретация. Оценката на патогенността на даден генетичен вариант трябва да се извършва на базата на научни доказателства и според унифицирана номенклатура и правила. Във връзка с това, широко използваните до момента термини мутация и полиморфизъм са заменени с класификация на генетичните варианти, според която се обособяват 5 категории: патогенен, вероятно патогенен, вариант с неясно клинично значение, вероятно непатогенен и непатогенен (Richards S. и сътр., 2015; Nykamp K. И сътр., 2017)

RAEDER PARATRIGEMINAL SYNDROME IN A PATIENT WITH A MASS LESION IN THE MAXILLARY SINUS

Raeder paratrigeminal syndrome is a rare syndrome, characterized by severe unilateral facial pain and headache in the distribution of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve in combination with ipsilateral oculosympathetic palsy or Horner syndrome. We describe a case of a 65-year-old male patient with a large tumor in the right maxillary sinus who presented with the rare Raeder syndrome

Challenges of diagnostic exome sequencing in an inbred founder population

Exome sequencing was used as a diagnostic tool in a Roma/Gypsy family with three subjects (one deceased) affected by lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia (LCH), a clinically and genetically heterogeneous diagnostic category. Data analysis identified high levels of unreported inbreeding, with multiple rare/novel "deleterious" variants occurring in the homozygous state in the affected individuals. Step‐wise filtering was facilitated by the inclusion of parental samples in the analysis and the availability of ethnically matched control exome data. We identified a novel mutation, p.Asp487Tyr, in the VLDLR gene involved in the Reelin developmental pathway and associated with a rare form of LCH, the Dysequilibrium Syndrome. p.Asp487Tyr is the third reported missense mutation in this gene and the first example of a change affecting directly the functionally crucial β‐propeller domain. An unexpected additional finding was a second unique mutation (p.Asn494His) with high scores of predicted pathogenicity in KCNV2, a gene implicated in a rare eye disorder, retinal cone dystrophy type 3B. This result raised diagnostic and counseling challenges that could be resolved through mutation screening of a large panel of healthy population controls. The strategy and findings of this study may inform the search for new disease mutations in the largest European genetic isolate

Rare disease research workflow using multilayer networks elucidates the molecular determinants of severity in Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes

\ua9 The Author(s) 2024.Exploring the molecular basis of disease severity in rare disease scenarios is a challenging task provided the limitations on data availability. Causative genes have been described for Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes (CMS), a group of diverse minority neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disorders; yet a molecular explanation for the phenotypic severity differences remains unclear. Here, we present a workflow to explore the functional relationships between CMS causal genes and altered genes from each patient, based on multilayer network community detection analysis of complementary biomedical information provided by relevant data sources, namely protein-protein interactions, pathways and metabolomics. Our results show that CMS severity can be ascribed to the personalized impairment of extracellular matrix components and postsynaptic modulators of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering. This work showcases how coupling multilayer network analysis with personalized -omics information provides molecular explanations to the varying severity of rare diseases; paving the way for sorting out similar cases in other rare diseases

Measures for verification of contractors by means of information and analytical systems based on existing methods

The article presents the main measures to determine the reliability of contractors based on existing methods of the Federal tax service and the use of information and analytical systems

Sequential targeted exome sequencing of 1001 patients affected by unexplained limb-girdle weakness

Several hundred genetic muscle diseases have been described, all of which are rare. Their clinical and genetic heterogeneity means that a genetic diagnosis is challenging. We established an international consortium, MYO-SEQ, to aid the work-ups of muscle disease patients and to better understand disease etiology. Exome sequencing was applied to 1001 undiagnosed patients recruited from more than 40 neuromuscular disease referral centers; standardized phenotypic information was collected for each patient. Exomes were examined for variants in 429 genes associated with muscle conditions. We identified suspected pathogenic variants in 52% of patients across 87 genes. We detected 401 novel variants, 116 of which were recurrent. Variants in CAPN3, DYSF, ANO5, DMD, RYR1, TTN, COL6A2, and SGCA collectively accounted for over half of the solved cases; while variants in newer disease genes, such as BVES and POGLUT1, were also found. The remaining well-characterized unsolved patients (48%) need further investigation. Using our unique infrastructure, we developed a pathway to expedite muscle disease diagnoses. Our data suggest that exome sequencing should be used for pathogenic variant detection in patients with suspected genetic muscle diseases, focusing first on the most common disease genes described here, and subsequently in rarer and newly characterized disease genes