264 research outputs found
Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Background: In Burkina Faso, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay is not routinely used in the biological qualification of blood donations and this constitutes a risk factor for the transmission of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during blood transfusion. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of occult B infection (OBI) among blood donors for the purposes of improved blood safety in Burkina Faso.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 300 HBsAg negative blood donors was conducted in the city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso from April to October 2020. Anti-HBc antibody was determined using the BOSONÂź brand rapid tests. HBV DNA was detected in 75 selected donors by real-time PCR (rt PCR) using the 7500 Fast Real Time PCR assay technique.
Results: Of the 300 HBsAg negative donors, 208 (69.3%) were males while 92 (30.7%) were females, with average age of 30.18 years. Anti-HBc antibody was detected in 39 cases (13%). Of the 75 donor samples tested by rt PCR, 3 (4%) were positive for HBV DNA (occult B infection); 2 of which were anti-HBc antibody positive (seropositive OBI) while 1 was anti-HBc antibody negative (seronegative OBI).
Conclusion: Given the prevalence of OBI of 4% in this study and its consequences in blood recipients, it appears necessary that in addition to the classic serological markers of hepatitis B, to test for the presence of HBV DNA among blood donors in order to improve transfusion safety.
Keywords: Prevalence, Occult B infection; Blood donors, Ouagadougou.
French title: Prévalence de l'infection occulte par le virus de l'hépatite B chez les donneurs de sang à Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Contexte: Au Burkina Faso, la polymĂ©rase chain rĂ©action (PCR) nâest pas utilisĂ©e lors de la qualification biologique des dons et cela constitue un facteur de risque de transmission de lâInfection Occulte du virus B (VHB) lors des transfusions sanguines. Lâobjectif de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait de dĂ©terminer la prĂ©valence de lâinfection occulte B chez les donneurs de sang en vue dâune meilleure sĂ©curitĂ© transfusionnelle.
MĂ©thodologie: Une Ă©tude transversale prospective, rĂ©alisĂ©e dâavril Ă octobre 2020 dans la ville de Ouagadougou incluant 300 donneurs de sang AgHBs nĂ©gatif. Lâanticorps anti HBc a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ© par les tests rapides de marque BOSONÂź. LâADN du VHB a Ă©tĂ© recherchĂ© chez 75 donneurs par PCR en temps rĂ©el (rt PCR) avec le 7500 Fast Real Time PCR.
RĂ©sultats: Parmi les 300 donneurs AgHBs nĂ©gatifs, 208 (69,3%) Ă©taient des hommes et 92 (30,7%) des femmes. LâĂąge moyen Ă©tait de 30,18 ans. La recherche de lâAc anti-HBc Ă©tait positive dans 39 cas (13 %). Parmi les 75 Ă©chantillons passĂ©s Ă la rt PCR, 3 (4%) Ă©taient positifs pour lâADN du VHB. Sur les 3 cas dâADN VHB positifs, 2 (66,67%) Ă©taient positifs Ac anti HBc et 1 (33,33%) Ac anti HBc nĂ©gatif.
Conclusion: Compte tenu de la prĂ©valence de lâinfection occulte B et ses consĂ©quences chez les donneurs de sang et chez les receveurs, il devient nĂ©cessaire de rechercher, en plus des marqueurs sĂ©rologiques classiques de lâhĂ©patite B, lâADN VHB pour une meilleure sĂ©curitĂ© transfusionnelle.
Mots clĂ©s: PrĂ©valence, Infection occulte de lâHBV, Donneurs de sang, Ouagadougou
 
Residual mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Burkina Faso
Background: Burkina Faso is one of the countries in West Africa most affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, despite the implementation of a mother-to-child HIV transmission prevention program as a strategy to reduce the risk of vertical transmission of the disease.Objective: To assess the current risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Burkina Faso.Materials and methods: A prospective study was conducted between December 2014 and July 2016, in the 13 health regions of Burkina Faso. Women who were screened HIV-positive during a prenatal consultation were followed until delivery. Their babies received dry blood spot (DBS) at birth, at week 6 and at 1year, to screen for HIV.Results: Overall, 186 pregnant women were included in the study, with a mean age of 29.17±6.13 years. Of their children, 430 DBS actually received a PCR test, giving a 91.1% PCR implementation rate. After analyses, 6 (1.3%) babies were identified as carriers of HIV1. The newbornâs serological status was associated with delivery pattern (p=0.000), the administration of antiretroviral drugs to the mother after delivery (p=0.0064), the administration of Nevirapine to the newborn at birth (p=0.022), the use of contraceptive methods after delivery (p=0.028) and the presence of breast affections/infections since delivery (p=0.013).Conclusion: The results of our study are encouraging and demonstrate the effectiveness of interventions in the mother-tochild prevention program (PMTCT) for HIV-positive pregnant women can be improved through early initiation of triple therapy in early pregnancy and improved adherence to antiretroviral (ARV) therapy.Keywords: Burkina Faso, HIV/AIDS, mother-to-child transmission, antiretroviral drugs, pregnant wome
From pairwise to multiple spliced alignment.
Alternative splicing is a ubiquitous process in eukaryotes that allows distinct transcripts to be produced from the same gene. Yet, the study of transcript evolution within a gene family is still in its infancy. One prerequisite for this study is the availability of methods to compare sets of transcripts while accounting for their splicing structure. In this context, we generalize the concept of pairwise spliced alignments (PSpAs) to multiple spliced alignments (MSpAs). MSpAs have several important purposes in addition to empowering the study of the evolution of transcripts. For instance, it is a key to improving the prediction of gene models, which is important to solve the growing problem of genome annotation. Despite its essentialness, a formal definition of the concept and methods to compute MSpAs are still lacking.
We introduce the MSpA problem and the SplicedFamAlignMulti (SFAM) method, to compute the MSpA of a gene family. Like most multiple sequence alignment (MSA) methods that are generally greedy heuristic methods assembling pairwise alignments, SFAM combines all PSpAs of coding DNA sequences and gene sequences of a gene family into an MSpA. It produces a single structure that represents the superstructure and models of the gene family. Using real vertebrate and simulated gene family data, we illustrate the utility of SFAM for computing accurate gene family superstructures, MSAs, inferring splicing orthologous groups and improving gene-model annotations.
The supporting data and implementation of SFAM are freely available at https://github.com/UdeS-CoBIUS/SpliceFamAlignMulti.
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online
Importance of the confirmatory assay for the detection of the HBsAg in the epidemiological studies and in the diagnosis of the viral Hepatitis B
Several epidemiological studies have reported high prevalence of HBsAg among pregnant women in Burkina Faso. They used various algorithms, as it is also done for the routine diagnostic. Knowing this antigen carriage rate in such a population or in other clinic attendees is important for the implementation of a national immunisation programme and the monitoring of patients with hepatitis B. Often, the screening tests were not confirmed in spite of the existence of known false positive and false negative results. The aim of this study was to determine a more accurate prevalence of HBsAg, among the pregnant women in Burkina Faso. From October 2006 to January 2007, blood samples were collected from 1139 pregnant women. Each sample was analyzed for HBsAg, using two assays and according to manufacturersâ instructions vis, HepanostikaÂźHBsAg Uniform II B9 (Bio-MĂ©rieux; France) and HBsAg (V2) Abbott AxSYMÂź system (Abbott Diagnostics). All the positive samples were tested with a confirmatory neutralization assay- HepanostikaÂźHBsAg Uniform II B9 Confirmatory (Bio-Merieux). The mean age of the pregnant women was 24.85years [range: 15-45years] and the age range of 20-24 (37%) and 25-29 (25.4%) years were the most represented. The overall rate of HBsAg-positive pregnant women with the two screening assays was 20.9%. The HBsAg detection rate was significantly higher with HepanostikaÂź UniformII B9 (16.9%) than with HBsAg (V2) AxSYM system assay (12.1%), with
Campylobacter Spp. Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in a Developing Country, Burkina Faso (West Africa)
Data on campylobacteriosis are almost nonexistent in Burkina Faso. In this study conducted from 2006 to 2008 in Ouagadougou, stool specimens and sociodemographic data were collected from 1 246 patients attending the university teaching hospital for enteritis. Stool samples were analyzed for the presence of Campylobacter by the direct culture method on selective mCCDA agar followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing on the isolated strains. The isolation rate of Campylobacter was 2.3%,comprising of the following species C. jejuni (51.8%), C. coli (13.8%), and C. upsaliensis (3.5%). However, 30.9% of the isolates were unidentified. No resistant strain was found to gentamicin. The resistance to amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (3.4%) was lower than those (10.3-34.5%) to the other antibiotics: erythromycin (10.3%), tetracycline (10.3%), ciprofloxacin (13.8%), amoxicillin (24.1%) and ceftriaxone (34.5%), nalidixic acid (34.5%). Significant associations were found between Campylobacter enteritis and contact with animals (P=0.03), and HIV infection (P<0.0001), in contrast to other sociodemographic and seasonal factors. From the data obtained Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid appear to be the first choice for treatment. The implementation of a national program may be helpful in controlling the spread of the disease and the increase of resistance to antibiotics.Keywords: Campylobacter, epidemiology, HIV, drug resistance, Burkina Fas
Adequacy of nutrient intakes of severely and acutely malnourished children treated with different doses of ready-to-use therapeutic food in Burkina Faso
Background: Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) are designed to cover the daily nutrient requirements of children
with severe acute malnutrition (SAM). However, with the transfer of uncomplicated SAM care from the hospital
environment to the community level, children will be able to consume complementary and family foods (CFF) in addition
to RUTF, and this might decrease the quantity of RUTF needed for recovery.
Objectives: Using an individually randomized clinical trial, we investigated the effects of a reduced RUTF dose on the
daily energy and macronutrient intakes, the proportion of energy coming from CFF, and the mean probability of adequacy
(MPA) of intake in 11 micronutrients of 516 children aged 6â59 mo who were treated for SAM in Burkina Faso.
Methods: The data were collected using a single 24-h multipass dietary recall, 1 mo after starting treatment, from
December 2016 to August 2018, repeated on a subsample of 66 children. Differences between children receiving the
reduced RUTF (intervention arm) and those receiving standard RUTF (control arm) were assessed by linear mixed models.
Results: Daily energy intake was lower (P < 0.01) in the intervention arm (mean ± SD 1321 ± 339 kcal) than in the
control arm (1467 ± 319 kcal). CFF contributed to 40% of the daily energy intake in the intervention and 35% in the
control arm. The MPA for 11 micronutrients was 0.89 ± 0.1 in the intervention arm and 0.95 ± 0.07 in the control arm
(P = 0.06).
Conclusions: Reducing the dose of RUTF during SAM treatment had a negative impact on daily energy intake of the
children. Despite this, children covered their recommended energy intake. The energy intake coming from CFF was
similar between arms, suggesting that childrenâs feeding practices did not change due to the reduction in RUTF in this
context. This trial was registered at the IRSCTN registry as ISRCTN5003902
Description du systĂšme Ă©ducatif et Ă©valuation de son adĂ©quation aux besoins des utilisateurs. Rapport produit dans le cadre du projet r4d « Adapter et renforcer l'orientation scolaire et professionnelle pour promouvoir le travail dĂ©cent dans deux pays d'Afrique de lâOuest : le Burkina Faso et le Togo ».
Ancienne colonie française dâAfrique de lâOuest, la population du Burkina Faso est estimĂ©e Ă 18 450 495 dâindividus vivant essentiellement dâune Ă©conomie rurale et agricole de subsistance. LâĂ©conomie burkinabĂš est fortement dominĂ©e par le secteur Ă©conomique informel Ă 90% (INSD, 2016). Depuis son indĂ©pendance en 1960, le Burkina Faso a initiĂ© plusieurs rĂ©formes et politiques pour rendre le systĂšme Ă©ducatif plus performant et adaptĂ© aux besoins des populations. Les rĂ©formes les plus rĂ©centes sont lâadoption et la mise en Ćuvre de la Loi dâorientation de lâĂ©ducation de 2007 et lâadoption du Programme de DĂ©veloppement StratĂ©gique de lâEducation de Base (PDSEB) couvrant la pĂ©riode de 2012 Ă 2021. PilotĂ© par trois ministĂšres Ă savoir le MinistĂšre de lâEducation Nationale, de lâAlphabĂ©tisation et de la Promotion des Langues nationales (MENAPLN), le MinistĂšre de lâEnseignement SupĂ©rieur, de la Recherche Scientifique et de lâInnovation (MESRSI) et le MinistĂšre de la Jeunesse et de la Promotion de lâEntrepreneuriat des Jeunes (MJPEJ), le systĂšme Ă©ducatif burkinabĂš est structurĂ© en quatre types dâĂ©ducation (formelle, non formelle, informelle et spĂ©cialisĂ©e), son ambition Ă©tant de produire des jeunes citoyens burkinabĂš responsables, productifs et crĂ©atifs. Cependant, le systĂšme Ă©ducatif burkinbĂš est demeurĂ© embryonnaire et peu dĂ©veloppĂ© malgrĂ© les diffĂ©rents efforts dĂ©ployĂ©s par le Gouvernement et ses partenaires. En effet, une forte proportion de burkinabĂš nâest pas instruite et lâanalphabĂ©tisme constitue un sĂ©rieux problĂšme de dĂ©veloppement avec une forte prĂ©valence au sein de la population adulte (15 ans et plus). Le taux dâalphabĂ©tisation est estimĂ© Ă 34,5 % en 2014, le taux brut de scolarisation est estimĂ© Ă 90,7 % pour le primaire et Ă 17,6 % pour le secondaire au titre de lâannĂ©e scolaire 2017/18, constituant de sĂ©rieux handicaps pour la mise en Ćuvre des politiques Ă©ducatives, notamment de qualitĂ© et accessible pour tous (INSD, 2018 ; UNESCO, 2017). La mise en Ćuvre du Plan dĂ©cennal de dĂ©veloppement de l'Ă©ducation de base (PDDEB) a permis lâamĂ©lioration des indicateurs au niveau du primaire (47,4% en 2001 Ă 88,3% en 2011), dans le post primaire et le prĂ©scolaire (1,44% en 2001 Ă 3% en 2010). Avec un taux de scolarisation de 79,6% en 2011, le Burkina Faso nâa pas atteint lâĂ©ducation pour tous en 2015 tel que mentionnĂ© dans le cadre dâaction de Dakar adoptĂ© lors du sommet mondial sur lâĂ©ducation qui sâest tenu en 2000. Se basant sur des sources de donnĂ©es provenant de travaux existants, le prĂ©sent rapport propose dâabord une description du systĂšme Ă©ducatif burkinabĂš avant dâexaminer l'adĂ©quation entre le systĂšme Ă©ducatif et les besoins
des populations
Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in healthy volunteers and hospitalized patients in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: prevalence, resistance profile, and associated risk factors
Background: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) are a serious challenge to patientsâ treatment. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of ESBL-PE, investigate the associated resistance, and analyze the associated risk factors for acquisition of ESBL-PE.Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on healthy volunteers and inpatients. After obtaining informed consent, rectal swabs were collected from each participant for isolation of Enterobacteriaceae on Hektoen enteric agar containing 4”g/L cefotaxime. The Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified using biochemical tests and ESBL production was confirmed by the double-disc synergy test of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Antibiotic susceptibility test of each isolate was done by the disc diffusion method and interpreted using the recommendations of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) clinical breakpoints version 5.0.Results: During the study period, prevalence of faecal ESBL-PE among the study participants was 54.5% (103/189); 53.5% among healthy volunteers and 55.7% among inpatients (p=0.87). The major ESBL-PE isolates was Escherichia coli (71%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (16%). The isolates in hospitalized patients were resistant to norfloxacin (84.2%), cotrimoxazole (89.5%), and gentamicin (7.0%). The isolates from healthy volunteers were resistant to norfloxacin (86.2%), cotrimoxazole (82.8%), and gentamicin (1.7%).Gender, age, and previous antibiotic use were not significantly associated with carriage of ESBL-PE (p=0.51).Conclusion: The high prevalence of ESBL-PE in this study is worrying. There is an urgent need to develop measures to monitor and limit the spread of these multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare facilities and the community in Burkina Faso.
Keywords: faecal carriage, ESBL-PE, healthy volunteers, inpatients, Burkina Fas
P07-11 LB. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 in cervicovaginal secretions and blood
- âŠ