Relation between the raise to span ratio and the real ultimate lateral strength for parabolic clamped arches considering different calculation hypothesis

En este artículo se proponen gráficas que relacionan los parámetros f/L y λ = qL3 /EIy para arcos biempotrados con diferentes secciones transversales y para diferentes hipótesis de cálculo. Para ello es necesario determinar la carga crítica lateral de una serie de arcos biempotrados considerando diferentes hipótesis de cálculo en lo que se refiere a la linealidad geométrica y a las características del material acero. La hipótesis de material elastoplástico con no linealidad geométrica considera la existencia de tensiones residuales e imperfecciones geométricas iniciales.Curved graphs that relate the f/L ratio and the λ = qL3 /EIy parameter for clamped arches with the different calculation hypothesis are going to be proposed in this article. It has been necessary to determine the real critical lateral strength of a series of clamped arches considering different calculation hypothesis respect to geometrical linearity and a steel material characteristic. The elastic-plastic material hypothesis with non geometrical linearity considers the existence of residual stresses and initial lateral deflection.Peer Reviewe

An Overview of U.S. Bilingual Education: Historical Roots, Legal Battles, and Recent Trends

This article provides a broad review of the development of bilingual education programs in the United States. We start by providing a brief background and then describe the historical trends, policies, and legal decisions that laid the framework for the implementation of formal bilingual education in our public schools. Lastly, this review highlights recent developments that have complicated traditional views of bilingual education in policy and practice.Educatio

Laredo, Texas: Gateway Community on the Texas Borderlands, Archaeological and Historical Investigations for the Laredo City Toll Plaza

In July 1980, the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, conducted archaeological and historical investigations at sites designated as 41 WB 36,41 WB 37, and 41 WB 38, which are located in a residential district on the east side of the town of Laredo, Texas. These sites are represented by late historic foundations which were uncovered after a group of houses were razed to make way for a new toll bridge complex to facilitate international travel between the United States and the Republic of Mexico. A short history of Laredo and of the four house foundations excavated by the Center for Archaeological Research is presented in this report. The archaeological investigations of the structures and their associated artifacts are described and interpreted to provide a better understanding of sociocultural activities in Laredo from early historic times to the present

Assessing Psychosocial Work Environments of Coaches in Spain and Their Relationships With Mental Health, Behavioral Stress Symptoms, and Burnout

The purpose of this study was to assess the psychosocial work environments (PWE) among a sample of coaches in comparison to the reference values of the Spanish general workforce, as well as to explore the relationship between PWE and mental health, behavioral stress symptoms, and burnout. A representative sample (n=1481) of Spanish coaches (18.1% women, Mage=32.98, SD=11.60) completed a battery of questionnaires. Results showed that, in comparison to the general workforce, coaches showed statistically significant differences in most of the PWE areas assessed. The emotional demands experienced by coaches are a risk for health, while trust regarding management and recognition are positive features in their PWE. Coaches’ emotional demands were associated with low mental health scores and higher levels of behavioral stress symptoms and burnout, whereas social community at work and role clarity were protective factors for health. Practical implications to provide more favorable work environments for coaches are discussed

Understanding the gendered coaching workforce in Spanish sport

The present study focuses on the demographic and labor characteristics of coaches in Spain. Kanter’s theory on occupational sex segregation will be used as a guiding framework. The study was conducted with 1685 coaches (82.3% men and 17.7% women) from different sports and performance domains. The results show that there is an underrepresentation of women as coaches in Spain and data highlight that coaches’ gender is related to three structural factors: opportunity, power, and proportion. The present data reveal that women are younger, less likely to be in a marriage-like relationship, less likely to have children, and more likely to have competed at a high level as an athlete when compared to their male counterparts. However, fewer women than men access and participate in coach education in Catalonia and the working status of women was different to that of men. To expand, women worked less hours, were more likely to be assistant coaches, and had less years of coaching experience. Understanding of how gender influences women’s access, progression, and retention in coaching in Spain illustrates the need for gender sport policies and practices in sport organizations. This approach can benefit not only women, but the diversity and enrichment of the coaching system

Evaluation of segmentation parameters in OBIA for classification of land covers from UAV images

[EN] Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have given a new boost to remote sensing and image classification techniques due to the high level of detail among other factors. Object-based image analysis (OBIA) could improve classification accuracy unlike to pixel-based, especially in high-resolution images. OBIA application for image classification consists of three stages i.e., segmentation, class definition and training polygons, and classification. However, defining the parameters: spatial radius (SR), range radius (RR) and minimum region size (MR) is necessary during the segmentation stage. Despite their relevance, they are usually visually adjusted, which leads to a subjective interpretation. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to generate knowledge focused on evaluating combinations of these parameters. This study describes the use of the mean-shift segmentation algorithm followed by Random Forest classifier using Orfeo Toolbox software. It was considered a multispectral orthomosaic derived from UAV to generate a suburban map land cover in town of El Pueblito, Durango, Mexico. The main aim was to evaluate efficiency and segmentation quality of nine parameter combinations previously reported in scientific studies.This in terms of number generated polygons, processing time, discrepancy measures for segmentation and classification accuracy metrics. Results evidenced the importance of calibrating the input parameters in the segmentation algorithms. Best combination was RE=5, RR=7 and TMR=250, with a Kappa index of 0.90 and shortest processing time. On the other hand, RR showed a strong and inversely proportional degree of association regarding the classification accuracy metrics.[ES] Los Vehículos Aéreos No Tripulados (VANT) han otorgado un nuevo auge a la teledetección y a las técnicas d clasificación de imágenes debido al alto nivel de detalle entre otros factores. El análisis de imágenes basado en objetos (OBIA) puede mejorar la precisión en la clasificación a diferencia de la basada en píxeles, especialmente en imágenes de alta resolución. La aplicación de OBIA para la clasificación de imágenes consta de tres etapas i.e., segmentación, definición de clases y polígonos de entrenamiento y clasificación. No obstante, en la etapa de segmentación es necesario definir los parámetros: radio espacial (RE), radio de rango (RR) y tamaño mínimo de la región (TMR). Los cuales, pese a su relevancia, suelen ser ajustados de manera visual, lo que conlleva a una interpretación subjetiva. Por lo anterior, es de suma importancia generar conocimiento enfocado a evaluar las combinaciones de estos parámetros. Este estudio describe el uso del algoritmo de segmentación de desplazamiento medio, seguido del clasificador Random Forest mediante el software Orfeo Toolbox. Se consideró un ortomosaico multiespectral derivado de VANT para generar un mapa de cobertura de suelo sub-urbano en la localidad El Pueblito, Durango, México. El objetivo principal fue evaluar la eficiencia y calidad de segmentación de nueve combinaciones de parámetros anteriormente reportadas en estudios científicos. Ello en términos de número de polígonos generados, tiempo de procesamiento, medidas de discrepancia de segmentación y métricas de precisión de la clasificación. Los resultados obtenidos lograron evidenciar la importancia de ajustar los parámetros de entrada en los algoritmos de segmentación. La mejor combinación fue RE=5, RR=7 y TMR=250, con un índice de Kappa de 0,90 y el menor tiempo de procesamiento. Por otro lado, el RR presentó  un grado de asociación fuerte e inversamente proporcional con las métricas de precisión de clasificación.Se agradece al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt) por el financiamiento otorgado a la primera autora para la realización de sus estudios de maestría, así como al programa de Maestría en Geomática Aplicada a Recursos Forestales y Ambientales de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales de la UJED.Hinojosa-Espinoza, SI.; Gallardo-Salazar, JL.; Hinojosa-Espinoza, FJC.; Meléndez-Soto, A. (2021). Evaluación de parámetros de segmentación en OBIA para la clasificación de coberturas del suelo a partir de imágenes VANT. Revista de Teledetección. 0(58):89-103. https://doi.org/10.4995/raet.2021.14782OJS89103058Abburu, S., Golla, S.B. 2015. Satellite image classification methods and techniques: A review. International Journal of Computer Applications, 119(8), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.5120/21088-3779Adelabu, S., Mutanga, O., Adam, E. 2015. 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Ecology, 88(11), 2783-2792. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0539.1Dash, J.P., Pearse, G.D., Watt, M.S. 2018. UAV Multispectral Imagery Can Complement Satellite Data for Monitoring Forest Health. Remote Sensing, 10(8), 1216. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081216Dash, J.P., Watt, M.S., Pearse, G.D., Heaphy, M., Dungey, H.S. 2017. Assessing very high resolution UAV imagery for monitoring forest health during a simulated disease outbreak. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 131(2017), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.07.007De Castro, A.I., Torres-Sánchez, J., Peña, J.M., Jiménez- Brenes, F.M., Csillik, O., López-Granados, F. 2018. An Automatic Random Forest-OBIA Algorithm for Early Weed Mapping between and within Crop Rows Using UAV Imagery. Remote Sensing, 10(2), 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020285De Luca, G., N. Silva, J.M., Cerasoli, S., Araújo, J., Campos, J., Di Fazio, S., Modica, G. 2019. 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The use of UAV to monitor and manage the territory: perspectives from the SMAT project. En Engineering Geology for Society and Territory- Volume 5 (pp. 691-695). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09048-1_134Feng, Q., Liu, J., Gong, J. 2015. UAV Remote Sensing for Urban Vegetation Mapping Using Random Forest and Texture Analysis. Remote Sensing, 7(1), 1074-1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70101074Gallardo-Salazar, J., Pompa-García, M., Aguirre- Salado, C., López-Serrano, P., Meléndez-Soto, A. 2020. Drones: tecnología con futuro promisorio en la gestión forestal. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales, 11(61), 28-50. https://doi.org/10.29298/ rmcf.v11i61.794Gao, J., Liao, W., Nuyttens, D., Lootens, P., Vangeyte, J., Pižurica, A., He, Y., Pieters, J.G. 2018. Fusion of pixel and object-based features for weed mapping using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery. 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First Experience with Sentinel-2 Data for Crop and Tree Species Classifications in Central Europe. Remote Sensing, 8(3), 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/ rs8030166Inzunza-López, J.O., López-Ariza, B., Valdez-Cepeda, R.D., Mendoza, B., Sánchez-Cohen, I., García- Herrera, G. 2011. La variación de las temperaturas extremas en la 'Comarca Lagunera' y cercanías. Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, 17(2011), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.5154/r. rchscfa.2010.09.071Jain, M., Tomar, P.S. 2013. Review of image classification methods and techniques. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 2(8), 852-858.Jara, C., Delegido, J., Ayala, J., Lozano, P., Armas, A., Flores, V. 2019. Estudio de bofedales en los Andes ecuatorianos a través de la comparación de imágenes Landsat-8 y Sentinel-2. Revista de Teledetección, 53(2019), 45-57. https://doi.org/10.4995/ raet.2019.11715Kakooei, M., Baleghi, Y. 2017. Fusion of satellite, aircraft, and UAV data for automatic disaster damage assessment. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(8-10), 2511-2534. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1294780Khatami, R., Mountrakis, G., Stehman, S.V. 2016. A meta-analysis of remote sensing research on supervised pixel-based land-cover image classification processes: General guidelines for practitioners and future research. Remote Sensing of Environment, 177(2016), 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.028Langhammer, J., Vacková, T. 2018. Detection and Mapping of the Geomorphic Effects of Flooding Using UAV Photogrammetry. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 175(9), 3223-3245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1874-1Li, M., Ma, L., Blaschke, T., Cheng, L., Tiede, D. 2016. A systematic comparison of different object- based classification techniques using high spatial resolution imagery in agricultural environments. 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ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 130(2017), 277-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.06.001Mafanya, M., Tsele, P., Botai, J., Manyama, P., Swart, B., Monate, T. 2017. Evaluating pixel and object based image classification techniques for mapping plant invasions from UAV derived aerial imagery: Harrisia pomanensis as a case study. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 129(2017), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.04.009Mangiameli, M., Mussumeci, G., Candiano, A. 2018. A low cost methodology for multispectral image classification. En Computational Science and Its Applications-ICCSA 2018 (pp. 263-280). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95174- 4_22Matese, A., Toscano, P., Di Gennaro, S.F., Genesio, L., Vaccari, F.P., Primicerio, J., Belli, C., Zaldei, A., Bianconi, R., Gioli, B. 2015. Intercomparison of UAV, Aircraft and Satellite Remote Sensing Platforms for Precision Viticulture. 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Diseño del puente Abbas Ibn Firnás sobre el río Guadalquivir en Córdoba

The work for the New Access to the Cordoba Airport includes the construction of the Abbas Ibn Firnas Bridge to cross the Guadalquivir River. This cable-stayed bridge has two spans of 132.50 m each, and three approach spans on the right bank that add 100 meters to its length. The most important and singular aspect of the structure is the design of the mixed concrete and steel arches that open into two hexagonal tubes braced from the central pier to the abutments and the arrangement of the struts made up of closed cables in the form of a “Y” creating a spatial structure of great slenderness and stiffness, a three-dimensional structure that contains the traffic within, and dignifies the urban space over the Guadalquivir River.Las obras del Nuevo Acceso al Aeropuerto de Córdoba incluyen la construcción del Puente Abbas Ibn Firnás para salvar el cauce del río Guadalquivir. Se trata de un puente arco atirantado de dos vanos, con 132,50 m de luz cada uno con tres vanos de aproximación por la margen derecha que suman una longitud de 100 metros. El aspecto más relevante y singular de la estructura es el diseño de los arcos mixtos, que se abren en dos tubos hexagonales arriostrados, desde la pila central hacia los estribos, y la disposición de tirantes constituidos por cables cerrados en forma de “Y” que permite que se consiga una estructura espacial, un objeto tridimensional de gran esbeltez y rigidez, que acoge en su interior la circulación viaria, y dignifica el espacio urbano sobre el Guadalquivir

A wot-based method for creating digital sentinel twins of iot devices

The data produced by sensors of IoT devices are becoming keystones for organizations to conduct critical decision-making processes. However, delivering information to these processes in real-time represents two challenges for the organizations: the first one is achieving a constant dataflow from IoT to the cloud and the second one is enabling decision-making processes to retrieve data from dataflows in real-time. This paper presents a cloud-based Web of Things method for creating digital twins of IoT devices (named sentinels).The novelty of the proposed approach is that sentinels create an abstract window for decision-making processes to: (a) find data (e.g., properties, events, and data from sensors of IoT devices) or (b) invoke functions (e.g., actions and tasks) from physical devices (PD), as well as from virtual devices (VD). In this approach, the applications and services of decision-making processes deal with sentinels instead of managing complex details associated with the PDs, VDs, and cloud computing infrastructures. A prototype based on the proposed method was implemented to conduct a case study based on a blockchain system for verifying contract violation in sensors used in product transportation logistics. The evaluation showed the effectiveness of sentinels enabling organizations to attain data from IoT sensors and the dataflows used by decision-making processes to convert these data into useful information