A case of feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia associated with phycomycetes

Feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia (FGESF) is a recently described inflammatory condition of domestic cats with unknown aetiology. A proportion of cases of FGESF are associated with bacteria, but antibiotic treatment is ineffective. It has been hypothesized that genetically predisposed cats may develop FGESF in response to the introduction of bacteria or other antigens into the intestinal wall. A 9- month-old male Persian cat presented with a history of marked acute haematemesis. A mass (10 cm diameter) was detected within the pylorus and proximal duodenum and this was not surgically accessible. On necropsy examination the duodenal wall was seen to be markedly thickened with extensive mucosal ulceration. Microscopically, there were haphazardly oriented trabecular bands of dense eosinophilic collagen,separated by wide, clear areas containing variable numbers of fibroblasts, eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils,macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Numerous pleomorphic, non-parallel walled, sparsely septate hyphae, characteristic of phycomycetes, were present within the collagen matrix. Colonies of gram-positive and gram-negative rods were also present within the lesion. This is the first description of FGESF with intralesional fungi

Six-year follow-up of slaughterhouse surveillance (2008-2013): the Catalan Slaughterhouse Support Network (SESC)

Meat inspection has the ultimate objective of declaring the meat and offal obtained from carcasses of slaughtered animals fit or unfit for human consumption. This safeguards the health of consumers by ensuring that the food coming from these establishments poses no risk to public health. Concomitantly, it contributes to animal disease surveillance. The Catalan Public Health Protection Agency (Generalitat de Catalunya) identified the need to provide its meat inspectors with a support structure to improve diagnostic capacity: the Slaughterhouse Support Network (SESC). The main goal of the SESC was to offer continuing education to meat inspectors to improve the diagnostic capacity for lesions observed in slaughterhouses. With this aim, a web-based application was designed that allowed meat inspectors to submit their inquiries, images of the lesions, and samples for laboratory analysis. This commentary reviews the cases from the first 6 years of SESC operation (2008–2013). The program not only provides continuing education to inspectors but also contributes to the collection of useful information on animal health and welfare. Therefore, SESC complements animal disease surveillance programs, such as those for tuberculosis, bovine cysticercosis, and porcine trichinellosis, and is a powerful tool for early detection of emerging animal diseases and zoonoses

Sheep experimental model for rift valley fever virus Infection for the study of immunopathogenesis, pathology and vaccinology /

Departament responsable de la tesi: Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals.El virus de la Fiebre del Valle del Rift (RVFV) es un flebovirus zoonótico transmitido por mosquitos que afecta a los rumiantes causando abortos y hepatitis aguda con necrosis multifocal. Los síntomas de la RVF varían desde el síndrome gripal hasta la retinitis y la encefalitis. En esta tesis, mostramos la susceptibilidad leve-subaguda de las ovejas Ripollesas de 9-10 semanas de edad a la infección por RVFV. Cuatro aislamientos virales diferentes de brotes de campo se replicaron de forma eficiente in vivo tras la inoculación subcutánea experimental, detectándose viremia y diseminacion viral dependientes del aislado de RVFV. Se demostró la transmisión horizontal a un cordero centinela no infectado. La infección en corderos únicamente causó pirexia transitoria, aunque se observó opacidad corneal ("ojo azul") en 3 de 16 ovejas inoculadas subcutáneamente. En una aproximación preliminar, se investigó el tejido formolado y parafinado procedente de estos animales afectados por la opacidad corneal mediante histopatología y qRT-PCR, para su caracterización. En cuatro corderos infectados se diagnosticó uveítis anterior con endotelitis linfoplasmocítica. Para evaluar la protección conferida por una única dosis subcutánea de una vacuna de virus Ankara modificado (MVA) que codifica las glicoproteínas Gn y Gc de RVFV en corderos, se inmunizaron 3 grupos de 6 a 7 corderos de 5-7 semanas de edad de la siguiente manera: Un grupo vacunal (denominado rMVA-GnGc), un segundo grupo control vectorial (vector MVA) y un tercer grupo control no vacunado (solución salina). Catorce días más tarde, todos los animales se sometieron a un desafío subcutáneo con 105 TCID50 del aislamiento virulento RVFV 56/74 y se evaluó la eficacia de la vacuna usando puntos finales estándar. Dos corderos (uno del grupo vacunado y uno del control vectorial) sucumbieron al desafío, mostrando lesiones hepáticas características. Los corderos de los grupos control vectorial y control no vacunado fueron febriles de los días 2 a 5 después del desafío (pc) mientras que los del grupo rMVA-GnGc mostraron un único pico de pirexia al día 3 pc. Se detectó ARN de RVFV en ambos hisopados nasal y oral de los días 3 a 7 pc en algunos corderos de los grupos control vectorial y no vacunado, pero no se pudo detectar diseminación viral en los corderos supervivientes vacunados. Caracterizamos patológicamente la nueva lesión ocular detectada en un abordaje secundario. Se seleccionaron 2 grupos de 5 corderos por grupo (n = 10) de la base de datos histórica de infecciones experimentales de RVFV realizadas en el Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (España, NBS3), en base a sus datos clínicos, viremia y diagnóstico de lesiones ocular y hepática. Se caracterizó la uveítis anterior diagnosticada (8 de 10) con endotelitis linfoplasmocítica (2 de 10). CD3, CD20 e infiltrados inflamatorios mononucleares positivos a la lisozima se observaron en ojos parafinados RVFV-positivos. El marcaje positivo de CD20 sólo se observó en los infiltrados en uvea anterior. También se diagnosticó una nueva retinitis T dependiente (CD3 positivo) en 5 de 10 corderos infectados con RVFV. Se desarrolló un protocolo de inmunoquímica contra RVFV basado en un anticuerpo monoclonal murino. En conclusión, la raza Ripollesa se infecta fácilmente con RVFV sin manifestaciones clínicas evidentes. Un modelo de desafío con corderos de 5 a 10 semanas de edad ha demostrado ser eficaz para testar vacunas. Se sugiere que una sola dosis de la vacuna rMVA-GnGc puede ser suficiente para reducir la diseminación de RVFV y la duración de la viremia, pero no proporciona inmunidad estéril ni protección contra la enfermedad. Hasta donde sabemos, esta es la primera descripción patológica de uveítis anterior con lesión retiniana en un modelo ovino, muy parecida a las lesiones oculares humanas.Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic phlebovirus that primarily affects ruminants by causing abortions and acute hepatitis with multifocal necrosis as major findings. Human RVF symptoms range from flu-like syndrome to retinitis and encephalitis. The increasing interest in RVFV deserve revisiting experimental sheep infection. In this thesis, we show the susceptibility of 9-10 weeks old European sheep (Ripollesa breed) to RVFV infection, showing a mild, subacute form of disease. Four different viral isolates from field outbreaks efficiently replicated in vivo after subcutaneous experimental inoculation, and consistent viral loads in blood and RVFV-isolate dependent virus shedding were detected, showing horizontal transmission to a noninfected, sentinel lamb. RVFV infection caused transient pyrexia in old lambs and no other clinical symptoms were observed, although corneal opacity ("blue eye") was found in 3 out of 16 subcutaneously inoculated sheep. To better characterize this corneal opacity, in a preliminary approach, formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissue from these ocular condition-affected animals was investigated by histopathology and quantitative real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Anterior uveitis with lymphoplasmacytic endotheliitis was diagnosed in these four RVFV-infected lambs. To evaluate the protection conferred by a single subcutaneous dose of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectored vaccine encoding the RVFV glycoproteins Gn and Gc in lambs, 3 groups of 6 to 7 Ripollesa lambs of 5-7 weeks old were immunized as follows: one group received the vaccine (termed rMVA-GnGc), a second group received an MVA vector (vector control) and a third group received saline solution (non-vaccinated control). Fourteen days later, all animals were subcutaneously challenged with 105 TCID50 of the virulent RVFV isolate 56/74 and vaccine efficacy assessed using standard endpoints. Two lambs (one from the vaccine group and one from the vector control group) succumbed to RVFV challenge, showing characteristic liver lesions. Lambs from both the vector control and non-vaccinated groups were febrile from days 2 to 5 post challenge (pc) while those in the rMVA-GnGc group showed a single peak of pyrexia at day 3 pc. RVFV RNA was detected in both nasal and oral swabs from days 3 to 7 pc in some lambs from the vector control and non-vaccinated groups, but no viral shedding could be detected in the surviving lambs vaccinated with rMVA-GnGc. We characterize pathologically the new ocular detected condition in a secondary approach. Two groups of five lambs per group were selected (n=10) from the historical database of RVFV experimental infections performed in Center of Research in Animal Health (Spain, NBS3 facility) in the basis of their clinical data, viremia and diagnosed ocular and hepatic lesions (two previous experiments). The previously diagnosed anterior uveitis (8 out of 10) with lymphoplasmacytic endotheliitis (2 out of 10) was characterized. CD3, CD20 and lysozyme-positive mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates were observed in RVFV-positive paraffin-embedded eyes. CD20 labelling was only observed in infiltrates in anterior uvea. A novel T-cell dependent retinitis was also diagnosed in 5 out of 10 RVFV-infected lambs based on CD3-positive labelling. An immunochemistry protocol based on a murine monoclonal antibody was developed at CReSA BLS2 facility. In conclusion, Ripollesa sheep are readily infected with RVFV without apparent clinical manifestations. A 5-10 weeks old Ripollesa breed challenge model has proven to be effective in vaccine testing because of its susceptibility to virus. It is suggested that a single dose of the rMVA-GnGc vaccine may be sufficient to reduce RVFV shedding and duration of viremia but does not provide sterile immunity nor protection from disease. To our knowledge, this is the first pathological description of RVFV-related anterior uveitis with retinal injury in a RVFV-challenge sheep model, resembling ocular human lesions

Intranuclear detection of African swine fever virus DNA in several cell types from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues using a new in situ hybridisation protocol

In this study, a new in situ hybridisation (ISH) protocol has been developed to identify African swine fever virus (ASFV) genome in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Different digoxigenin labelled ASFV-probes were tested, including single ASFV-specific oligonucleotides, an 18.5. kb restriction fragment from the viral genome and the entire ASFV genome. The latter showed the highest sensitivity in all tissues tested, independently of the virus used for challenge E75L or Ba71L. Although a similar ASFV genome distribution was observed, the number of ISH-positive cells was higher for Ba71L compared to E75L infected tissues. As expected, the monocyte-macrophage cell lineage was the main target cell for ASFV infection. Corresponding with the last stages of infection, ISH-positive signals were also found in other cell types, including endothelial cells, hepatocytes and neutrophils. Furthermore, two unexpected findings were also noticed the detection of a specific ISH-signal in lymphocytes and a tendency to find the signal in the nucleus of infected cells. In summary, the present findings demonstrate the utility of this new ISH protocol to study ASFV pathogenesis and its potential use as a diagnostic tool. © 2010 Elsevier B.V

Lymphoplasmacytic endotheliitis and anterior uveitis in sheep infected experimentally with Rift Valley fever virus

Lymphoplasmacytic endotheliitis and anterior uveitis was diagnosed in four lambs infected experimentally with field isolates of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded tissue from these animals was investigated by histopathology and quantitative real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. To our knowledge, this is the first pathological description of this ocular manifestation of RVFV infection in ruminants, although these lesions have been described in man. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd

Immunization with DNA vaccines containing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus open reading frames 5, 6, and 7 may be related to the exacerbation of clinical disease after an experimental challenge

Pigs were immunized with DNA plasmids containing different open reading frames (ORFs) of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) genotype I strain. One group was injected with three inoculations of ORF7, a second group was immunized with three inoculations of plasmids containing ORF5 and ORF6, and a third group was kept as controls. Later, +21 days after the last inoculation, animals were challenged with the homologous strain. After the challenge, PRRSV-specific interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting cells and anti-PRRSV IgG antibodies developed faster in DNA vaccinated pigs (p<0.05). However, DNA-immunized pigs showed an exacerbation of the disease compared to the unvaccinated challenged pigs. The data suggest that previous immunization with DNA vaccines against glycoprotein 5 and/or matrix protein of PRRSV, as well as nucleoprotein but to a lesser degree, could result in an exacerbation of the clinical course in terms of fever upon challenge. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2013

Immunomodulatory effect of swine CCL20 chemokine in DNA vaccination against CSFV

The objective of this work was to explore whether a plasmid expressing CCL20 chemokine could improve the immune response against CSFV in co-administration with a DNA vaccine expressing the E2 protein. The immunization of pigs with the DNA vaccine formulation, that contains swine CCL20 chemokine, resulted in the homogenous induction of detectable levels of CSFV antibodies at 36 days after the first injection. Remarkably, immunized animals with E2 DNA vaccine in co-administration with the plasmid containing swine CCL20 developed high titers of neutralizing antibodies against homologous and heterologous CSFV strains and were totally protected upon a lethal viral challenge (sterilizing protection). Our results confirm the role of CCL20 to increase antibody-mediated responses. At the same time suggest the ability of CCL20 to enhance the T helper cell response associated with the induction of neutralizing antibodies against CSFV in pigs previously reported. Systemic replication of virulent CSFV in vivo during the acute phase of infection induces type I IFN. Lower average values of IFN alpha were detected in the serum of pigs immunized with pE2 and pCCL20 at 3 days after challenge. The levels of IFN-alpha detected in pigs immunized with pE2 and principally in non-vaccinated challenged animals can be related to viral load in serum at 3 and 7 days post infection and the clinical signs observed.Our results emphasized the capacity of swine CCL20 chemokine to enhance cellular, humoral and anti viral response with an adjuvant effect in the immune response elicited by E2-DNA vaccination against CSFV. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the adjuvant effect of swine CCL20 to effectively enhance the potential of DNA vaccine in the immune induction and protection against virus challenge in swine infection model. © 2011 Elsevier B.V

Efficacy assessment of an MVA vectored Rift Valley Fever vaccine in lambs.

The present study has evaluated the protection conferred by a single subcutaneous dose of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectored vaccine encoding the Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) glycoproteins Gn and Gc in lambs. Three groups of six to seven lambs were immunized as follows: one group received the vaccine (termed rMVA-GnGc), a second group received an MVA vector (vector control) and a third group received saline solution (non-vaccinated control). Fourteen days later, all animals were subcutaneously challenged with 10(5) TCID50 of the virulent RVFV isolate 56/74 and vaccine efficacy assessed using standard endpoints. Two lambs (one from the vaccine group and one from the vector control group) succumbed to RVFV challenge, showing characteristic liver lesions. Lambs from both the vector control and non-vaccinated groups were febrile from days 2 to 5 post challenge (pc) while those in the rMVA-GnGc group showed a single peak of pyrexia at day 3 pc. RVFV RNA was detected in both nasal and oral swabs from days 3 to 7 pc in some lambs from the vector control and non-vaccinated groups, but no viral shedding could be detected in the surviving lambs vaccinated with rMVA-GnGc. Together, the data suggest that a single dose of the rMVA-GnGc vaccine may be sufficient to reduce RVFV shedding and duration of viremia but does not provide sterile immunity nor protection from disease. Further optimization of this vaccine approach in lambs is warranted

Efficacy assessment of an MVA vectored Rift Valley Fever vaccine in lambs.

The present study has evaluated the protection conferred by a single subcutaneous dose of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectored vaccine encoding the Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) glycoproteins Gn and Gc in lambs. Three groups of six to seven lambs were immunized as follows: one group received the vaccine (termed rMVA-GnGc), a second group received an MVA vector (vector control) and a third group received saline solution (non-vaccinated control). Fourteen days later, all animals were subcutaneously challenged with 10(5) TCID50 of the virulent RVFV isolate 56/74 and vaccine efficacy assessed using standard endpoints. Two lambs (one from the vaccine group and one from the vector control group) succumbed to RVFV challenge, showing characteristic liver lesions. Lambs from both the vector control and non-vaccinated groups were febrile from days 2 to 5 post challenge (pc) while those in the rMVA-GnGc group showed a single peak of pyrexia at day 3 pc. RVFV RNA was detected in both nasal and oral swabs from days 3 to 7 pc in some lambs from the vector control and non-vaccinated groups, but no viral shedding could be detected in the surviving lambs vaccinated with rMVA-GnGc. Together, the data suggest that a single dose of the rMVA-GnGc vaccine may be sufficient to reduce RVFV shedding and duration of viremia but does not provide sterile immunity nor protection from disease. Further optimization of this vaccine approach in lambs is warranted