Necessary Conditions for Optimality in Problems of Optimal Control of Systems with Discontinuous Right-Hand Side

We consider the problems of optimal control of a dynamical system whose right-hand side is discontinuous in the state variable and is linear in the control with sufficiently smooth coefficients in each of the half-spaces into which the space is divided by the switching hyperplane. The main attention is paid to the situation where there exist intervals on which the optimal trajectory lies on the switching surface. New nondegenerate necessary conditions for optimality are stated and proved in the maximum principle form. The obtained optimality conditions are compared with the already known conditions

Influence of melt preparing technology on the structure of cast aluminum-silicon alloy

Influence of melting conditions on the structure of AL30 alloy has been studied. To this end, the temperature dependences of physical properties of liquid alloy has been investigated. In is shown, that the formation of the microhomogeneous and the equilibrium alloy structure during melting process leads to significant decreasing of amounts of eutectic silicon. However, the amounts of primary α-aluminum solid solution and intermetallic compounds with dendritic form are increasing. Such treatment leads to decreasing of size of primary α-aluminum solid solution particles. On the base of experiments the physical model of aluminum-silicon alloy solidification was proposed. © 2019 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.Authors are grateful for the support of experimental works by Act 211 Government Russian Federation, contract № 02.A03.21.0006

Social Control in the Regulation of Youth Development Behavior (on Materials of the Primorsky Territory)

The article considers different approaches to the concepts of "standard" and "deviant behavior", reveals the situational and personal component of deviation. The article attempts to outline the main characteristics and boundaries of deviant behavior as a social phenomenon, describes the problem of deviation in the youth environment. The authors trace the evolution of ideas about deviation, deviant behavior and social control, indicating that deviation is closely related to the social adaptation of young people, which, in turn, is a factor of stability and sustainable development of society. Deviant behavior is most pronounced among young people, because this age group has not yet fully developed its own worldview, system of values, and they are more susceptible to the influence of others. The authors of the article have analyzed the deviation in the youth environment in the Primorye Territory, revealed the main trends in the registered offenses of this age group in the region. The basic factors which provide decrease in indicators of offenses among youth are analyzed. The attempt to reveal the basic possibilities of social control in regulation of deviant behavior of youth is undertaken. On the basis of generalization of the knowledge presented in the scientific literature and the analyzed data of statistics the recommendations on strengthening the role of social control in prevention of deviation of youth are developed. The authors point out that the impact of social control on young people's deviant behavior should be investigated.В статье рассмотрены различные подходы к понятиям «норма» и «девиантное поведение», раскрыта ситуационная и личностная составляющая девиации. В статье предпринята попытка очертить основные характеристики и границы девиантного поведения как социального феномена, описана проблема отклоняющегося поведения в молодежной среде. Авторы прослеживают эволюционирование представлений о девиации, девиантном поведении и социальном контроле, указывая на то, что девиация тесно связана с социальной адаптацией молодежи, которая, в свою очередь, является фактором стабильности и устойчивого развития общества. Девиантное поведение самым выразительным образом проявляется именно у молодежи, так как у данной возрастной группы еще не полностью сформировалась собственное мировоззрение и система ценностей, а также они больше подвержены влиянию окружающих. Авторами статьи проведен анализ девиации (правонарушений, так как по данному виду ведется официальная статистика) в молодежной среде в Приморском крае, выявлены основные тенденции в регистрируемых правонарушениях данной возрастной группы в регионе. Проанализированы основные факторы, которые обеспечивают снижение показателей правонарушений среди молодежи. Предпринята попытка выявить основные возможности социального контроля в регулировании девиантного поведения молодежи. На основе обобщения знаний, изложенных в научной литературе, и проанализированных данных статистики выработаны рекомендации по усилению роли социального контроля в предупреждении девиации молодежи. Авторы указывают на то, что необходимо исследовать воздействие социального контроля на отклоняющееся поведение молодежи

Radiobiological experiments with plant seeds aboard the biosatellite Cosmos 1887

The effects of spaceflight factors on the seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and Crepis capillaris were studied. The seeds were located inside the satellite in an open space, protected with aluminum foil and also exposed without the foil cover. When the seeds were in open space without any protection, their viability was found to be suppressed; the survival rate and fertility of plants grown from these seeds were also diminished. An increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations (CA) and in the number of multiple injuries was registered in this case. Experiments with the aluminum foil shielding showed a decrease in the suppression of the seeds' viability, but mutational changes were found to be even more increased, while the survival rate and fertility of the plants decreased. An increase in the thickness of shielding resulted in a decrease in the effects up to the level of the control, except for the effects connected with CA and fertility of the plants. Analysis of the results shows that these impairments can be ascribed to the action of single heavy charged particles (HCP). The seeds can thus be regarded as an integral biological 'dosimeter' which allows estimation of the total effects of radiation, ecological and biological factors

The collection of potato varieties as a reserve of source material for breeding for high yield, earliness, and resistance to diseases and pests

Background. Information is provided about the results obtained by screening the VIR collection of improved potato varieties for main commercial traits: earliness, high yield, high starch content, and resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary), viruses, and pests, such as cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll. (Ro1)), and Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say).Materials and methods. Potato accessions representing domestic and foreign varieties from the VIR collection served as the material for this research. The screening was performed according to the techniques developed at the Potato Genetic Resources Department of VIR.Results and conclusion. Potato varieties with valuable commercial traits were identified as breeding sources promising for earliness: ‘Bashkirskiy’ (k-25338), ‘Charoit’ (k-25221), ‘Colleen’ (k-25224), ‘Lagun’ (k-25294), etc.; for high yield: ‘Ametist’ (k-25336), ‘Banba’ (k-25222), ‘Bastion’ (k-25198), ‘Nur-Alem’ (k-25253), ‘Senim’ (k-25306), etc.; for high starch content: ‘Charaўnik’ (k-25139), ‘Darnitsa’ (k-25179), ‘Lad’ (k-25180), ‘Maksimum’ (k-25136), etc.; for resistance to late blight: local variety (Georgia) (k-25298, k-25326), ‘Sunkar’ (k-25258), ‘Udovitskiy’ (k-25260), ‘Vektor’ (k-25200), ‘Zvezdochka’ (k-25209); for resistance to viruses: ‘Azart’ (k-25196), Gala (k-25270), ‘Nadezhda’ (k-25213), Utro (k-25219), ‘Volat’ (k-25263), etc. Varieties combining resistance to gold potato cyst nematode with other valuable commercial traits were selected. Varieties with relative resistance to Colorado potato beetle were isolated under favorable conditions for the pest’s development. As a result of the research, new source material was identified, with a potential to improve major commercial traits of potato: earliness, high yield, high starch content, resistance to late blight, viruses, and pests (cyst nematode and Colorado beetle)

Structure of facial pain at ambulatory dental reception

The article describes the structure of facial pain at an outpatient surgical dental appointment. The treatment of young women with muscle pain is predominant.В статье описана структура лицевой боли на амбулаторном хирургическом стоматологическом приеме. Преобладает обращение лиц женского пола молодого возраста, имеющих чаще мышечную боль

Morfometrical change of the structure of temporomandibularis foint becase of internal derangement according to MRI

The goal of investigaition: to study peculiarities of morfometrical changes of a disk and the other structures of temporomandibularis foint because of internal derangement. The stuff: 21 temporomandibularis foints of 20 volunteers of comparison group (middleage 22,5 + 0,96 years old, 37,9+1,75 years old accordingly) were examined with the use of MRI. The results of the morfometrical researche help to estimate correlation between changes of disk and other structures temporomandibularis foint because of internal derangement. There might be changes in thickness, form, structure, position, disk motion because of internal derangement, as a result the deformation of disk appears. The internal derangement temporomandibularis foint may cause structural changes of beleanar zone of anchylosious cartilage, appearance of anchylosious gust, unmovement of anchylosis. The statistical, reliable results were got (p<0,005). Conclusion: development of distroficul changes of temporomandibularis fointdepend on state of anchylosious disk.Цель исследования - изучить особенности морфометрических изменений диска и других структур ВНЧС при ВН. Материал: исследованы 21 ВНЧС у 21 пациента с ВН и 20 ВНЧС у 20 добровольцев группы сравнения (средний возраст 22,5±0,96 лет, 37,9±1,75 лет соответственно) с использованием МРТ. Результаты: морфометрическое изучение позволило оценить взаимосвязь между наличием изменений диска и других структур ВНЧС при ВН. При ВН может измениться толщина, форма, структура, положение, подвижность диска, появиться его деформация. ВН ВНЧС могут создавать условия для структурных изменений биламинарной зоны, суставного хряща, ремоделирования головки нижней челюсти, появления суставного выпота, ограничения подвижности сустава. Получены статистически достоверные различия (р<0,005). Заключение: состояние суставного диска имеет значение в развитии дистрофических изменений ВНЧС

Experimental studies of energy characteristics of mixer with deformable camera

Currently the development of new machine designs and methods of their engineering calculation is one of the most priority areas of construction industry. It allows one to carry out research at the stage of theoretical calculations in order to predict the expected result. One of the promising constructive solutions for economic profitability increase of mixing equipment is the use of deformable working chamber

ROLE OF IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 CYTOKINES IN THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is socially significant disease. COPD is based on chronic inflammatory process of respiratory tract, which determines steady progression of the bronchial obstruction. Studies of the role of cytokines in immune pathogenesis of COPD are of crucial importance. The biological mediators determine local, systemic inflammation, and pathophysiological effects of extra-systemic pathological manifestations. In this work, we studied spontaneous and induced production of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 cytokines by blood leukocytes from the patients with moderate and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, beyond the exacerbation phase. It is shown that the evident role in formation of the inflammatory process in COPD belongs to the IL-6, IL-8. We have found a significant increase in both spontaneous and induced production of IL-6 and IL-8 (p &lt; 0.05) in the patients. Induced production of cytokines strongly suggests the reserve capabilities of immunocompetent cells in response to the pathogenic factor. Neutrophilic type of inflammation, manifesting as activation of granulocytes, mostly, neutrophils, in response to toxic agents (in particular, smoking) and bacterial pathogens, is primarily associated with IL-6 and IL-8. These results reflect the type and intensity of respiratory tract inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its persistent course.High levels of the studied cytokines confirm their role in bronchial remodeling and contribute to irreversibility of bronchial obstruction in this disorder. The relationship between spontaneous and induced production of the studied cytokines and the clinical indices of the disease course has been shown. Statistically significant increase between frequency of COPD recurrences (more than 2 times pro year, p &lt; 0.05), and low FEV1 values (p &lt; 0.05) were observed in patients with high values of spontaneous and induced production of IL-6 and IL-8. It may be associated with persistent course of neutrophilic inflammation of respiratory tract and progressive bronchial obstruction. IL-6 and IL-8 significantly contribute to pathogenetic mechanisms, determining the clinical course of COPD and may serve as markers of severity in this disorder. Certainly, the immune mechanisms of pathological inflammation in COPD are complex and multifaceted. Studies of clinical significance of induced cytokine production will help the physician when determining type and duration of treatment. Personalized approach to the therapy of patients with COPD depends on the phenotype of pathology, pattern, severity and intensity of inflammation

A comparison of the two approaches of the theory of critical distances based on linear-elastic and elasto-plastic analyses

The problem of determining the strength of engineering structures, considering the effects of the non-local fracture in the area of stress concentrators is a great scientific and industrial interest. This work is aimed on modification of the classical theory of critical distance that is known as a method of failure prediction based on linear-elastic analysis in case of elasto-plastic material behaviour to improve the accuracy of estimation of lifetime of notched components. Accounting plasticity has been implemented with the use of the Simplified Johnson-Cook model. Mechanical tests were carried out using a 300 kN electromechanical testing machine Shimadzu AG-X Plus. The cylindrical un-notched specimens and specimens with stress concentrators of titanium alloy Grade2 were tested under tensile loading with different grippers travel speed, which ensured several orders of strain rate. The results of elasto-plastic analyses of stress distributions near a wide variety of notches are presented. The results showed that the use of the modification of the TCD based on elasto-plastic analysis gives us estimates falling within an error interval of ±5-10%, that more accurate predictions than the linear elastic TCD solution. The use of an improved description of the stress-strain state at the notch tip allows introducing the critical distances as a material parameter