Aerobic biotransformation of 2, 4, 6–trichlorophenol by Penicillium chrysogenum in aqueous batch culture: Degradation and residual phytotoxicity

2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) is a toxic compound widespread in the environment, with numerous applications. There are many fungi capable of degrading it, although little attention has been paid to non wood-degrading species. Penicillium chrysogenum ERK1 was able to degrade 85% of TCP in batch cultures in the presence of sodium acetate. Degradation rate was fitted to a specific first-order kinetic and the growth rate was fitted to a Gompertz model. Hydroquinone and benzoquinone were identified as degradation intermediates. The phytotoxicity of the residues was reduced by half after fungal treatment. These results suggest that Penicillium chrysogenum can be applied successfully to biodegrade TCP

Desempeño reproductivo y primeros estadios de vida en corvina pinta Cynoscion nebulosus en cautiverio

The first experiments in maturation, spawning and larval rearing of spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus in Sisal, Mexico were conducted. Sexual maturation and spontaneous spawning in wild captured fish after 20 months in captivity were obtained. In a spawning period of 88 days, 28 spawns were observed, of which 17 were viable. In total 28 x 10(6) eggs were collected, 70% of viability and 91% of fertilization was observed. The spawned eggs had mean diameter of 710 ± 8 µm with an oil droplet of 199 ± 9 µm. The percentage hatching of viable eggs was 96% and larval survival at 48 h after hatching was 79%. At 48 h post-hatch (PH), no traces of yolk and only traces of the oil droplet were observed. The most appropriate period for first feeding period is between 30 and 42 h PH, after which the mean survival decreases sharply to 9.3 ± 4.4% and 11.3 ± 4.8% at 54 h PH and 66 h PH, respectively. The larval rearing was done in 2 tanks, 4-m³ with an initial density of 75 viable eggs L-1 (95.6% fertilization, hatching 97.7% and 88.8% survival at 48 h). Survivals were 0.4 and 1.2% at 26 days, with 1011 and 2903 juveniles harvested, with wet weights of 0.13 ± 0.04 g and 0.16 ± 0.03 g and total lengths of 25.3 ± 2.6 mm and 27.4 ± 1.9 mm respectively. Final densities and biomasses were 0.25 and 0.50 juveniles L-1 and 0.03 and 0.08 kg m-3, respectively.Se realizaron los primeros experimentos de maduración, desove y cría larval de la corvina pinta, Cynoscion nebulosus en Sisal, México. Se obtuvo la maduración sexual y el desove espontáneo de reproductores capturados en el medio natural después de 20 meses en cautiverio. En un periodo de desove de 88 días, se obtuvieron 28 desoves, de los cuales 17 fueron viables. En total se colectaron 28 x 10(6) huevos, se observó 70% de viabilidad y 91% de fecundación. Los huevos desovados presentaron un diámetro promedio de 710 ± 8 µm con gota de aceite de 199 ± 9 µm. El porcentaje de eclosión de los huevos viables incubados fue 96% y la supervivencia larval a las 48 h después de la eclosión fue 79%. A las 48 h post-eclosión (PE), no se apreció restos de vitelo y solo vestigios de la gota de aceite. Se estimó que el periodo más adecuado para el suministro del primer alimento es entre 30 y 42 h PE, posterior a lo cual la supervivencia promedio disminuye abruptamente a 9,3 ± 4,4% y 11,3 ± 4,8% a las 54 h PE y 66 h PE, respectivamente. La cría larval se realizó en 2 tanques de 4 m³ a una densidad inicial de 75 huevos viables L-1 (95,6% de fecundación, 97,7% de eclosión y 88,8% de supervivencia a las 48 h) tuvo sobrevivencias de 0,4 y 1,2% a los 26 días. Se cosecharon 1011 y 2903 juveniles, con pesos húmedos de 0,13 ± 0,04 g y 0,16 ± 0,03 g y longitudes totales de 25,3 ± 2,6 mm y 27,4 ± 1,9 mm respectivamente. Las densidades y biomasas finales fueron de 0,25 y 0,50 juveniles L-1 y 0,03 y 0,08 kg m-3, respectivamente

A paleogenomic reconstruction of the deep population history of the Andes

There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca. We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals dating from ∼9,000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the rise and fall of state societies. Today's genetic structure began to develop by 5,800 BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and between the Highlands and Coast. We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups between ∼2,000-500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also highlight cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina and the Northwest Andes to the Amazon Basin.Nathan Nakatsuka, Iosif Lazaridis, Chiara Barbieri ... Bastien Llamas ... Alan Cooper ... Wolfgang Haak ... et al