La introducción de las familias léxicas de fàcil y difícil en catalán a partir de un corpus histórico

Actualmente todas las lenguas románicas comparten los adjetivos fácil y dífícil, junto con otros términos que pertenecen a la misma familia léxica como los adverbios modales fácilmente y difícilmente o los sustantivos facilidad y dificultad. Se trata de latinismos o cultismos que se introducen en la Baja Edad Media y forman parte de un proceso de relatinización de las lenguas románicas, al que en catalán contribuyen decisivamente Ramón Llull y otros autores medievales. Siguiendo el modelo de investigación desarrollado por R. Eberenz (1998), en este trabajo se presenta el estudio de la introducción de fàcil y difícil, y su familia en los textos catalanes de los siglos XIII-XV con el fin de determinar el momento de su introducción, sus valores semánticos y sus usos, la relación semántica que entablan las dos familias, y su integración en el sistema léxico del catalán por la relación que establecen con voces ya existentes en la lengua como lleu o greu. El trabajo utiliza como base fundamental de análisis los datos extraídos del Corpus Informatitzat del Català Antic (CICA), el cual contiene más de nueve millones de palabras de las cuales casi siete millones pertenecen a los siglos XIII-XV.At the moment all the Romance languages share the adjectives fàcil and difícil together with other terms that belong to the same lexical family as modal adverbs fàcilment and difícilment and nouns as facilitat and dificultat. They are Latinisms or Cultisms that were introduced in the Low Middle Ages and they form part of the «relatinisation» of Romance languages, to which Catalan decisively contributed with Ramon Llull and other Medieval authors. Following the research model developed by R. Eberenz (1998), this work presents a study of the introduction of fàcil and difícil and its family in Catalan texts from 13th-15th centuries with the aim to know the moment they were introduced in the language, their semantic meanings and their uses, the semantic relation that interact with the two word families, its integration in the Catalan lexical system and the connection they established with already existing words such as lleu and greu. This work uses data extracted from the Corpus Informatitzat del Català Antic (CICA) as a fundamental base. This corpus contains more than nine million words, from which nearly seven million belong to or are from the 13th-15th centuries

Textile injection process characterisation by means of a spiral mould

New developments are being carried out within the injection moulding field, such as gas injection, bi-injection, co-injection, sequential injection, compression injection or textile injection processes. These techniques require new developments as they highly modify design and process conditions. In this work, the influence over the plastic material flow of the introduction of different film textiles into the mould is measured. A specific measurement system consisting of a monitorised spiral mould with pressure sensors has been used to measure the influence of different tissues over the mould pressures. As an application of this measurement system, a viscous model is generated to characterise the rheological behaviour of the thermoplastic and textile joint. The viscous model obtained is applied on a conventional CAE tool for the simulation of textile injection pressure results for the different film textiles analysed

La traducción de términos científico-técnicos del francés al español en el Nuevo diccionario francés-español (1805) de Antonio de Capmany

En este artículo se analiza la presencia de términos de la ciencia y de la técnica en el Nuevo diccionario francés-español de Antonio de Capmany (1805). En su repertorio, Capmany distribuyó las entradas pertenecientes al léxico científico y técnico de manera que en el cuerpo del diccionario incluyó las voces propias del léxico general y reunió en un Supplement los términos que consideraba más especializados. El estudio del tipo de léxico incluido en el Supplement desvela el valor de la contribución de Capmany a la lexicología y a la lexicografía del españolThe present article analyses the scientific and technical vocabulary in the Nuevo diccionario francés-español (New French-Spanish Dictionary) by Antonio de Capmany (1805). The scientific and the technical words were incorporated into the main body of the dictionary if they belonged to the general lexicon; the terms that were considered more specialised were gathered into a Supplement. The study of the type of lexicon that was included into the Supplement reveals the high value of Capmany's contribution to the Spanish Lexicology and Lexicograph

La formació competencial dels llicenciats en economia i empresa: una visió des del seu entorn professional

La recerca que es presenta té com a objectiu enfocar una de les arrels de la manca de rendiment laboral dels treballadors: la formació que han rebut, en particular aquells que han seguit una trajectòria universitària. Per dur-ho a terme s"ha valorat l"encaix entre el marc didàctic i les competències que s"exigeixen als alumnes a l"hora d"incorporar-se al mercat de treball. S"ha partit d"una enquesta a persones acabades de llicenciar de la Facultat d"Economia de la Universitat de Barcelona, a docents d"aquesta mateixa Facultat i a empresaris. A partir dels resultats obtinguts s"ha fet una anàlisi de la situació dels joves treballadors en termes de competències instrumentals, interpersonals i professionals, centrada exclusivament en la percepció dels empresaris. Segons les conclusions, una planificació de la docència més centrada en l"estudiant, des del punt de vista de la seva formació integral, pot contribuir de forma essencial a incrementar la seva futura productivitat laboral

Full-scale dynamometer tests of composite railway brake shoes including latxa sheep wool fibers

The main target of the present work is to characterize the effect of the inclusion of natural sheep wool (SW) into a railway brake block composition and then to compare it to that of a set of three organic fibers commonly used in the friction material industry: aramid fiber (AF), cellulose fiber (CF) and polyacrylonitrile fiber (PAN). In order to achieve this, 4 versions of the same friction material with a fixed amount of each organic fiber were produced and one more sample was manufactured including no organic fibers. The characterization work consisted of friction tests on a full-scale railway test rig. Then, the samples were SEM analyzed in order to characterize the tested surface microstructure. It was found that all organic fibers helped achieve a more stable bedding, and showed lower friction in wet conditions. They also affected the recovery %. Pictures of the blocks were taken after certain phases of the test and, although the failure sequence remained the same for all samples, the organic fibers very much influenced the magnitude of the wear rates. Sheep wool led to better results than cellulose. No final conclusions could be drawn with respect to metal pick-up. SEM analysis evidenced primary and secondary plateaus, but no significant differences were observed depending on the fiber nature. Finally, a Life Cycle Assessment with a “from cradle to gate” perspective was carried out. Ecoinvent v3.5 database and CML and ReCiPe Endpoint methodologies were used to evaluate the environmental impact create by the five brake block materials. Overall, cellulose, PAN and sheep wool brake blocks show slightly lower environmental impacts that the base material or than aramid fibers. Therefore, Latxa sheep wool offers a good balance between low cost, adequate wear rates and environmental impact, making it a compelling substitute for cellulose fibers

Formació universitària i mercat laboral: dues realitats prou confluents?

This paper sets out the research undertaken in the project REDICE1001-01, funded by the ICE at the Universitat de Barcelona. It shows the frame work, the goals and methodology used, as well as some preliminary results. This research is intended to analyze what we think it could be one of the roots causing the poor performance of workers. In order to do so we go back to one of its likely origins: training and acquisition of working abilities during university education. Following our approach a better teacher planning focused on the student and paying special attention to comprehensive training, may essentially contribute to the increase of the future labor productivity level of current students

Analysis of self-lubrication enhancement via PA66 strategies: Texturing and nano-reinforcement with ZrO2 and graphene

Graphene nanoflakes and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) were added to polyamide 66-based composites with glass fibre in order to improve their self-lubricating properties and make them suitable for high-performance bearing applications. The influence of texturing the surfaces was also investigated. The tribological behaviour was analysed for different combinations of hybrid polymeric composites, percentages of additive, and texturing geometries. The results show that the lowest low friction coefficients are obtained for PA66 + 30GF with 5% graphene. Worn surfaces, analysed by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy confirm the enhancement of the tribological properties with the addition of graphene. Texturing results under dry lubrication are not relevant for tribological purposes

The influence of environmental conditions on the dimensional stability of components injected with PA6 and PA66

The design of assembly components requires special attention to aspects related to their dimensions to ensure their functionality. The goal of this paper is to analyse the influence of case-based environmental conditions, including extreme hydrothermal conditions, on the dimensional stability of a component made from different polyamides throughout the component''s working life. The results support the conclusion that components made from PA6 have a higher capacity to absorb humidity than those made from PA66 and, on the other hand, a higher capacity to lose this humidity, which implies a more significant effect on the average error in the dimensions considered (12% for PA6 in comparison to 3% for PA66). With regard to assembly dimensions, components remain within dimensional tolerances under average and extreme humidity conditions and average temperature conditions. Components injected with P66 are more stable for all of the situations analysed

Tribological performance of nylon composites with nanoadditives for self-lubrication purposes

A systematic study comparing the wear behaviour of composites with nylon matrix (PA66, PA46, PA12) and different nanoadditives and reinforcing additives (graphite, graphene, MoS2 and ZrO2) has been carried out in order to achieve a proper self-lubricant material for bearing cages. The wear characterisation was done using pin-on-disc tests, SEM and EDX analysis. The results show that better outcomes are obtained for composites based on PA12. The addition of ZrO2 offers negative values of wear due to the metallic particle transference from the counterface to the polymeric pin

Enhancement of tribological behavior of rolling bearings by applying a multilayer ZrN/ZrCN coating

This paper focuses on the tribological behaviour of ZrN/ZrCN coating on bearing steel substrates DIN 17230, 100Cr6/1.3505. Coatings are applied at room temperature processes by means of Cathodic Arc Evaporation (CAE), a kind of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) technique. In order to achieve a satisfactory compromise between coating-substrate adhesion and the surface roughness requirement of the bearing rings, a polish post-processing is proposed. Different polish post-processing times and conditions are applied. The coated and polished bearing rings are tested under real friction torque test protocols. These tests show that the application of the coating does not entail a significant improvement in friction performance of the bearing. However, fatigue tests in real test bench are pending to evaluate the possible improvement in bearing life time