Conventional type 1 dendritic cells protect against age-related adipose tissue dysfunction and obesity.

Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) scan and integrate environmental cues in almost every tissue, including exogenous metabolic signals. While cDCs are critical in maintaining immune balance, their role in preserving energy homeostasis is unclear. Here, we showed that Batf3-deficient mice lacking conventional type 1 DCs (cDC1s) had increased body weight and adiposity during aging. This led to impaired energy expenditure and glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and liver steatosis. cDC1 deficiency caused adipose tissue inflammation that was preceded by a paucity of NK1.1+ invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. Accordingly, among antigen-presenting cells, cDC1s exhibited notable induction of IFN-γ production by iNKT cells, which plays a metabolically protective role in lean adipose tissue. Flt3L treatment, which expands the dendritic cell (DC) compartment, mitigated diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia in a Batf3-dependent manner. This effect was partially mediated by NK1.1+ cells. These results reveal a new critical role for the cDC1-iNKT cell axis in the regulation of adipose tissue homeostasis.We are grateful to the Immunology, Ophthalmology, and ENT Department at the UCM for providing useful discussion and to Gillian Dunphy and Antonia Tomás for critically reading the manuscript. We thank the CNIC and UCM facilities. Funding: Work in the S.I. laboratory is funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación (MICINN), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), RTI2018-094484-BI00, and RYC-2016-19463. EHG is the recipient of an FPI fellowship (PRE2019-087509) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Work in the DS laboratory is funded by the CNIC; the European Research Council (ERC-2016-Consolidator Grant 725091); the MICINN, AEI and FEDER (PID2019-108157RB); Comunidad de Madrid (B2017/BMD-3733 Immunothercan-CM); Atresmedia (Constantes y Vitales prize); and Fundació La Marató de TV3 (201723). Work in the G.S. laboratory receives funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° ERC 260464, EFSD/Lilly European Diabetes Research Programme GS, 2017 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation (Investigadores-BBVA-2017) IN[17]_BBM_BAS_0066, MINECO-FEDER SAF2016-79126-R, EUIN2017-85875, Comunidad de Madrid IMMUNOTHERCAN-CM S2010/BMD-2326 and B2017/BMD-3733 and Fundación AECC. IN receives funding from EFSD/Lilly (2019), EFSD Rising star (2019), and JdC— Incorporation (IJC2018-035390-I). The CNIC is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the MICINN, and the Pro CNIC Foundation.S

Roles of fire history and rewetting in peatland restoration and vegetation recovery on the Merang peat dome, South Sumatra, Indonesia

In the restoration of drained and degraded tropical peat swamp forest (PSF) it is not well understood whether fire suppression on its own is sufficient to facilitate regeneration, or if rewetting plays a key role. We attempt to answer this question in the Merang area, a 23,000-ha peatland located in South Sumatra province, Indonesia. As with more than 90 % of PSF in Southeast Asia, the area has been largely degraded by logging and drainage canals, along with multiple fires. It has been designated and managed as an ecosystem restoration area since 2016, by which time only a single 254 ha patch of original PSF habitat remained. However, scattered remnant PSF trees ( 4 fires), while Macaranga pruinosa, Melicope glabra and Melicope lunu-ankenda dominate in regenerating areas that have experienced 12 fires. While fire suppression is essential to prevent further loss of vegetation, effective rewetting is required before woody vegetation can recover

Simulación del diagrama de difracción de un cristal polidominio

La estructura microscópica de una gran cantidad de materiales sólidos es cristalina. Es decir, sus moléculas, o grupos de moléculas, están ordenadas de forma regular en un espacio tridimensio- nal que se extiende a lo largo de distancias correspondientes a miles de dimensiones moleculares. Desde el punto de vista académico, los materiales cristalinos (o, simplemente, cristales ) son dis- tribuciones periódicas e infinitas de átomos. Es de esta periodicidad microscópica de la que se vale la Física del Estado Sólido y en particular, la Cristalografía, para simplificar el estudio de los materiales cristalinos. No obstante, ciertos materiales presentan una forma más compleja: están formados por dos o más cristales ( dominios ) de la misma especie que se juntan con una orientación relativa deter- minada. A estos cristales, objeto central del presente estudio, se les da el nombre de twins . Actualmente, los métodos más comunes para el análisis de estructuras cristalinas se basan en fenómenos de difracción causados por la interacción de la materia con un cierto tipo de haz, ya sea de rayos-X, de electrones o de neutrones. El diagrama de difracción revela, al menos en parte, la simetría del cristal y ayuda a clasificarlo debidamente. Por lo general, el diagrama de difracción de un solo cristal no suele ser difícil de interpretar. El problema llega cuando se quieren analizar los mencionados twins. En ese caso, dado que poseen más de un dominio, el diagrama de difracción que se observa es el resultado de la superposición de los diagramas individuales de cada uno de los cristales que conforman la muestra. Incluso conociendo el número de los dominios y su orientación relativa, entender el diagrama puede ser una tarea complicad