One-two-way pass-move for knots and links

We define a local move for knots and links called the {\em one-two-way pass-move}, abbreviated briefly as the {\em $1$-$2$-move}. The $1$-$2$-move is motivated from the pass-move and the $\#$-move, and it is a hybrid of them. We show that the equivalence under the $1$-$2$-move for knots is the same as that of the pass-move: a knot $K$ is $1$-$2$-move equivalent to an unknot (a trefoil respectively) if and only if the Arf invariant of $K$ is $0$ ($1$ respectively). On the other hand, we show that the number of $1$-$2$-moves behaves differently from the number of pass-moves.Comment: 9 pages, 17 figure

Effect of accumulated vs continuous exercise on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

Background: A continuous aerobic exercise program is an effective method of improving calorie consumption on the metabolism of skeletal muscle. However, studies report that accumulated exercise of 30 minutes divided into three sessions of 10 minutes is as effective as one continuous exercise session for 30 minutes. As yet, no study has compared the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption associated with accumulated exercise and continuous exercise over these timeframes. Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to compare the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption associated with performing continuous exercise for 30 minutes and three sessions of accumulated exercise for 10 minutes at the same intensity of 60% VO2max. Method: Posters about the study were posted on the February 2019 Konkuk university homepage and bulletin board, and a total of 34 college students (males, n=18; females, n=16) volunteered to participate. Using a balanced repeated-measures crossover design, the subjects randomly took two exercises: continuous exercise (1 x 30 minutes) or accumulated exercise (3 x 10 minutes), and the washout period between the two exercises was a week. All exercises were performed using an ergometer at 60% maximal oxygen consumption. Oxygen consumption and heart rate were monitored and measured during exercise and after exercise. Lipid profile and lactate acid were measured at rest, exercise end, exercise end plus 30 minutes, and exercise end plus 60 minutes. IBM SPSS Statistics 23 was used to perform a paired t-test, and the statistically significant difference was set at <.05. Results: Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption parameters (e.g., total oxygen consumption, total calorie, and summation of heart rate) were higher in accumulated exercise than in continuous exercise (p<.05). No significant difference in the calorie during exercise between CEx and AEx (p = .140). No significant difference was observed in the lipid profile between accumulated exercise and continuous exercise (p>.05). No significant differences were observed at rest, exercise end plus 30 minutes, exercise end plus 60 minutes in lactic acid in the blood (p <.05). However, at exercise end, it was significantly higher in the accumulated exercise (p<.01). Conclusions: This study confirmed that after equalizing energy expenditure for continuous exercise and accumulated exercise in participants in their 20s, accumulated exercise results in higher excess post-exercise oxygen consumption than continuous exercise. The data suggests that accumulated exercise may be more effective in reducing body fat than continuous exercise for a given amount of energy expenditure. [Ethiop.J. Health Dev. 2020;34(Special issue-3):84-90] Keywords: Continuous exercise, accumulated exercise, excess post-exercise oxygen consumptio

Acupuncture Stimulation Alleviates Corticosterone-Induced Impairments of Spatial Memory and Cholinergic Neurons in Rats

The purpose of this study was to examine whether acupuncture improves spatial cognitive impairment induced by repeated corticosterone (CORT) administration in rats. The effect of acupuncture on the acetylcholinergic system was also investigated in the hippocampus. Male rats were subcutaneously injected with CORT (5 mg/kg) once daily for 21 days. Acupuncture stimulation was performed at the HT7 (Sinmun) acupoint for 5 min before CORT injection. HT7 acupoint is located at the end of transverse crease of ulnar wrist of forepaw. In CORT-treated rats, reduced spatial cognitive function was associated with significant increases in plasma CORT level (+36%) and hippocampal CORT level (+204%) compared with saline-treated rats. Acupuncture stimulation improved the escape latency for finding the platform in the Morris water maze. Consistently, the acupuncture significantly alleviated memory-associated decreases in cholinergic immunoreactivity and mRNA expression of BDNF and CREB in the hippocampus. These findings demonstrate that stimulation of HT7 acupoint produced significant neuroprotective activity against the neuronal impairment and memory dysfunction

Family satisfaction and self-efficacy among low-income adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative analysis of parents' educational attainment

PurposesGiven that the period from middle to high school is important to develop and cultivate self-efficacy, reduced support in low-income families might negatively influence the development of self-efficacy among low-income students since COVID-19. This study aims to investigate the association between family satisfaction and self-efficacy among low-income students since COVID-19 and the moderating effect of parents' educational attainment on the relationship.Methods255 low-income students in South-Korea were selected for the final sample. The PROCESS macro 3.4 for Statistical Product and Service Solutions was used to analyze the data.ResultsFamily satisfaction was positively related to self-efficacy among low-income students. There was a significant moderating effect of parents' educational attainment on the relationship between family satisfaction and self-efficacy among low-income students during the COVID-19 pandemic.DiscussionFinancial support and COVID-19 benefits should be prioritized to low-income families with adolescents to improve family relationships, leading to increase self-efficacy among low-income students. Social welfare programs targeting family relationships in low-income households should be especially targeted toward low-income households without a parent who received higher education. Life-long education should be provided to parents in low-income families who did not gain higher education as their educational attainment influences the self-efficacy of their adolescent children

Decreased Peripheral and Central Responses to Acupuncture Stimulation following Modification of Body Ownership

Acupuncture stimulation increases local blood flow around the site of stimulation and induces signal changes in brain regions related to the body matrix. The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is an experimental paradigm that manipulates important aspects of bodily self-awareness. The present study aimed to investigate how modifications of body ownership using the RHI affect local blood flow and cerebral responses during acupuncture needle stimulation. During the RHI, acupuncture needle stimulation was applied to the real left hand while measuring blood microcirculation with a LASER Doppler imager (Experiment 1, N = 28) and concurrent brain signal changes using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; Experiment 2, N = 17). When the body ownership of participants was altered by the RHI, acupuncture stimulation resulted in a significantly lower increase in local blood flow (Experiment 1), and significantly less brain activation was detected in the right insula (Experiment 2). This study found changes in both local blood flow and brain responses during acupuncture needle stimulation following modification of body ownership. These findings suggest that physiological responses during acupuncture stimulation can be influenced by the modification of body ownership

Integrative functional genomic analysis of human brain development and neuropsychiatric risks

INTRODUCTION The brain is responsible for cognition, behavior, and much of what makes us uniquely human. The development of the brain is a highly complex process, and this process is reliant on precise regulation of molecular and cellular events grounded in the spatiotemporal regulation of the transcriptome. Disruption of this regulation can lead to neuropsychiatric disorders. RATIONALE The regulatory, epigenomic, and transcriptomic features of the human brain have not been comprehensively compiled across time, regions, or cell types. Understanding the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders requires knowledge not just of endpoint differences between healthy and diseased brains but also of the developmental and cellular contexts in which these differences arise. Moreover, an emerging body of research indicates that many aspects of the development and physiology of the human brain are not well recapitulated in model organisms, and therefore it is necessary that neuropsychiatric disorders be understood in the broader context of the developing and adult human brain. RESULTS Here we describe the generation and analysis of a variety of genomic data modalities at the tissue and single-cell levels, including transcriptome, DNA methylation, and histone modifications across multiple brain regions ranging in age from embryonic development through adulthood. We observed a widespread transcriptomic transition beginning during late fetal development and consisting of sharply decreased regional differences. This reduction coincided with increases in the transcriptional signatures of mature neurons and the expression of genes associated with dendrite development, synapse development, and neuronal activity, all of which were temporally synchronous across neocortical areas, as well as myelination and oligodendrocytes, which were asynchronous. Moreover, genes including MEF2C, SATB2, and TCF4, with genetic associations to multiple brain-related traits and disorders, converged in a small number of modules exhibiting spatial or spatiotemporal specificity. CONCLUSION We generated and applied our dataset to document transcriptomic and epigenetic changes across human development and then related those changes to major neuropsychiatric disorders. These data allowed us to identify genes, cell types, gene coexpression modules, and spatiotemporal loci where disease risk might converge, demonstrating the utility of the dataset and providing new insights into human development and disease

Asynchronous multi-user OFDM with antenna diversity

In this dissertation, adaptive antenna based asynchronous multi-user orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems are developed over fading channels. Although multi-user multiplexing is essential for spectrally efficient communications, synchronous operation may not be practically realizable given the demand for high-speed services with portability. In addition, multiple access interference deteriorates the quality of signal detection. Thus, an asynchronous multiuser OFDM signal model is developed, and a space-time minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalization scheme is proposed to suppress the asynchronous interference. Furthermore, in order to amplify the performance gain from channel coding, a low-complexity iterative soft interference cancellation scheme is developed. The channel information required for effective equalization can be obtained via a novel subspace based semi-blind channel identification scheme. An inherent property of asynchronous OFDM signals is exploited so that the subspace decomposition method can separate the desired user\u27s channel vector from the interfering user\u27s channel vector, determining it uniquely up to a multiplicative scalar ambiguity. The proposed subspace based semi-blind algorithm improves the estimation performance under practical conditions and guarantees estimation of each user\u27s channel vector. Symbol-timing and carrier-frequency offset estimation in asynchronous multiple access OFDM channels is also studied. The proposed joint method simplifies a complex multiple parameter estimation problem by assigning a unique set of pilot symbols to each user. Finally, the performance of asynchronous multi-user multiple input multiple output (MIMO) OFDM systems is investigated along with various transmit diversity techniques

The Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater Subjected to Seawater Intrusion in the Archipelago, Korea

The effect of seawater on the groundwater in archipelago of South Korea where it has rarely been investigated was analyzed by examining the hydrogeochemical characteristics. A total of 74 groundwater samples were classified by water quality type and Cl−/HCO3− molar ratio. First, 36 samples of the Ca–Cl type and 32 samples of the Na–Cl type (accounting for 91.9% of the total) were considered to have been influenced by seawater. When the samples had been classified based on the Cl−/HCO3− molar ratio, the samples with a Cl−/HCO3− molar ratio of 2.8 or higher (indicating that seawater had highly influenced the groundwater) accounted for 40 out of 74 samples. This confirms that the groundwater in the study area had been affected by seawater. When quantitatively determining the influence of seawater on the groundwater, the seawater mixing ratios using either Cl or Br ion were found to be almost the same. In the case of Cl ion, the mixing ratio was in the range of 0–10.4% (average of 1.0%), while when using Br ion, the mixing ratio was in the range of 0–7.6% (average of 0.6%). From a principal component analysis, it can be seen that the influence of seawater occupied the first component of 54.1% and it is evident that the samples with a large mixing ratio of seawater were from regions where seawater has a large influence. The ion-exchange reaction was proceeded by calculating the ionic delta value to indicate the seawater intrusion and cation exchange, and specific trends of the ions participating in the geochemical reaction related to the seawater mixing ratio are reported herein. It was found that the ionic delta value of each ion had a mixing ratio and specific tendency according to the change in mixing ratio before the constant value of the seawater mixing ratio saturated with Na2+. Our results show that it can be possible to grasp the contribution of the geochemical reactions of each ion to the seawater mixing ratio