Charles Williams' understanding of evil and salvation, with particular reference to his novels

1) An examination of A. E. Waite and his Fellowship of the Rosy Cross, of which Williams was a member for ten years. The symbols used by Waite had a profound effect upon Williams, who continued to employ them throughout his life. However, he rejected the implicit gnosticism of Waite in favour of the rites and doctrines of the Church of England.2) Moberly's Atonement and Personality is discussed. His understanding that the Holy Spirit is "the very constituting reality of ourselves", leads to Williams' belief in the inter-relationship of all Christians. To deliberately enter into this relationship ("co-inherence") is salvation; to attempt to retreat into isolation, damnation. The myth of the Fall is discussed, within the theological tradition of " Evil as non-being". With only the good to know, Adam chose to know good "as antagonism"; through the work of Christ what had been seen as evil can be known as good once more.3) Each of Williams' seven novels is analysed in the light of these issues. Waite's continuing influence is identified in Williams' use of occult symbolism. Equally important is the influence of the Anglican liturgy upon Williams' imagination. The novels demonstrate his belief in the effectiveness of co-inherence through "compacts of substitution". Because of the Atonement, repentance results in forgiveness and the redemption of the past. The giving and receiving of forgiveness is the foundation of the co-inherent life, in which all things can be known as "occasions for joy"

Managing online communications and feedback relating to the Welsh visitor attraction experience: apathy and inflexibility in tourism marketing practice?

Understanding of what constitutes a tourism experience has been the focus of increasing attention in academic literature in recent years. For tourism businesses operating in an ever more competitive marketplace, identifying and responding to the needs and wants of their customers, and understanding how the product or consumer experience is created is arguably essential. The impact of user generated content (UGC) and online reviews in the tourism sector has captured the attention of academics, yet the focus has been mostly on the accommodation sector. The application of online social media sites such as TripAdvisor and Facebook by visitors to attractions and, particularly, by attraction operators has seemingly received little academic attention to date. This thesis sets out to gain a critical insight into Welsh visitor attraction operators’ understanding of the visitor experience, and their practices in relation to managing online communication and feedback. It uses a three-phase methodological approach to investigate attraction operators’ understanding of visitor experience; to critically analyse their opinions on the use of social media by themselves and their publics; and to identify the online co-creation of visitor experience for selected visitor attractions in Wales. A combination of research methods was used: online questionnaires with eighty-one Welsh attraction operators; sixteen semi structured interviews with Welsh visitor attraction operators; and a netnographic review of the digital ‘footprint’ of eighty-four Welsh visitor attractions. It is found that the online co-creation of experience for Welsh visitor attractions is predominantly visitor-led, and that supply-side interaction is lacking in the feedback and communication process. It is apparent that many Welsh visitor attraction operators are missing a key marketing opportunity to develop their online presence and exploit the interactive communication opportunities offered by Web 2.0 and social media. The findings contribute to theoretical understanding of co-creation of experience, and online interactions between suppliers and consumers in a tourism context. The management implications of apparent apathy or indifference and inflexibility in the marketing practices of many Welsh visitor attractions are considered

Peer-to-Peer Trading for Enhancing Electric Vehicle Charging with Renewable Energy

Electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly increasing in popularity as greater attention is paid to climate change and decarbonisation, however the environmental benefits that EVs offer can only be fully realised through the use of renewable energy for their charging. Smart charging solutions are essential for managing the impact of EVs and increasing the utilisation of renewable energy, however, questions remain over whether low-voltage distribution networks can accommodate the upcoming increases in EV charging demand. This thesis addresses both the challenge of increasing the utilisation of renewable energy for EV charging and also the importance of ensuring safe operation of low-voltage distribution networks with the integration of EV charging, distributed renewable energy generation, battery storage and vehicle-to-grid technologies. Chapter 3 examines a scenario where houses equipped with solar photovoltaic panels and EV charge points endeavour to sell surplus solar energy and the use of their EV charge point to visiting EVs that require charging. A peer-to-peer auction is proposed, with a novel matching mechanism presented to increase the amount of EV charging completed using solar energy without any knowledge about future EV arrivals. Chapter 4 presents a full peer-to-peer trading model of Network Impact Tokens and Phase Impact Tokens between houses in a low-voltage network. The Impact Tokens guarantee that all EV charging and renewable energy generation does not cause the network to exceed its voltage, current or transformer loading limits, while ensuring each house retains control over its energy usage, requiring no real-time monitoring or sensors in the network, and no privacy issues are encountered. The Network and Phase Impact Token approach is further verified in Chapter 5, as it forms the basis of a novel approach for Distribution System Operators to evaluate the maximum EV hosting capacity of their networks in conjunction with renewable energy generation and battery storage. The maximum EV capacity results are verified by an alternate Optimisation approach and the maximum EV penetration is evaluated for a number of scenarios

Molecular analysis of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene region

The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene has been mapped to the the long arm of human chromosome 5. Mutations of the APC gene are responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (PAP); a dominantly inherited predisposition to colorectal cancer. In order to isolate DNA probes in the APC gene region human:hamster somatic cell hybrids were made in which human chromosome 5 is retained. These were derived from three individuals: one patient with PAP and an interstitial deletion of chromosome 5, one patient with an interstitial deletion of chromosome 5 of unknown PAP status and a patient with PAP and mental retardation with no visible karyotypic abnormality. The two human chromosome 5s were segregated in these hybrids and they have been used to construct a mapping panel. A panel of 150 radiation hybrids was made from somatic cell hybrid PN/TS-1, in which the only human genetic material is chromosome 5. These hybrids were used to order probes from the APC gene region. A lambda library was constructed from a radiation hybrid retaining genetic material in the APC gene region and the human clones mapped on the chromosome 5 deletion hybrid panel. The retinoblastoma model suggests that inherited cancer genes may also be involved in the development of sporadic tumours. This hypothesis is supported by the loss of genetic material on chromosome 5 in sporadic, non-familial, colorectal cancer. As the majority of colorectal carcinomas are thought to arise from preexisting adenomatous polyps studies of loss of heterozygosity for markers on chromosome 5 were extended to sporadic colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Loss of genetic material on chromosome 5 appears to be a frequent early event in colorectal tumourigenesis