Organic Petrological and Geochemical Evaluation of Jurassic Source Rocks from North Iraq

Immature Jurassic oil shale is widely distributed and frequently outcropping in North Iraq. The organic-rich Jurassic sedimentary sequence, including prolific oil shale, was recorded in Banik area in Duhok Governorate of North Iraq. This sequence was systematically sampled from the geological formations; Sehkanyian, Sargelu and Naokelekan. The organic geochemical parameters were analyzed for 72 samples as well as one oil sample. A detailed study of petrologic properties was carried out for 12 samples. Based on TOC content, the Sargelu and Naokelekan formations can be considered as good to excellent source rocks, whereas Sehkanyian Formation has no potential since the TOC does not exceed 0.1 %. The samples of Sargelu and Naokelekan formations contain both kerogen types I and II indicating marine organic matter mainly derived from algae and phytoplankton organisms proposing typical oil prone source kerogen. This is further confirmed by the predominance of alginite and liptodetrinite macerals, where liptinite maceral group contribute more than 90% relative to other maceral contents. In general, Sargelu Formation samples have Production Index (PI), Tmax and fluorescence parameters (λmax and red/green quotient) suggesting immature to early mature stage of thermal maturity. The calculated ratios of Pr/Ph, Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18for the extracted bitumen and the oil sample, suggest generation of bitumen from marine organic matter deposited under reducing conditions at an early thermal maturity stage

Multi-method diagnosis of CT images for rapid detection of intracranial hemorrhages based on deep and hybrid learning

Intracranial hemorrhaging is considered a type of disease that affects the brain and is very dangerous, with high-mortality cases if there is no rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment. CT images are one of the most important methods of diagnosing intracranial hemorrhages. CT images contain huge amounts of information, requiring a lot of experience and taking a long time for proper analysis and diagnosis. Thus, artificial intelligence techniques provide an automatic mechanism for evaluating CT images to make a diagnosis with high accuracy and help radiologists make their diagnostic decisions. In this study, CT images for rapid detection of intracranial hemorrhages are diagnosed by three proposed systems with various methodologies and materials, where each system contains more than one network. The first system is proposed by three pretrained deep learning models, which are GoogLeNet, ResNet-50 and AlexNet. The second proposed system using a hybrid technology consists of two parts: the first part is the GoogLeNet, ResNet-50 and AlexNet models for extracting feature maps, while the second part is the SVM algorithm for classifying feature maps. The third proposed system uses artificial neural networks (ANNs) based on the features of the GoogLeNet, ResNet-50 and AlexNet models, whose dimensions are reduced by a principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm, and then the low-dimensional features are combined with the features of the GLCM and LBP algorithms. All the proposed systems achieved promising results in the diagnosis of CT images for the rapid detection of intracranial hemorrhages. The ANN network based on fusion of the deep feature of AlexNet with the features of GLCM and LBP reached an accuracy of 99.3%, precision of 99.36%, sensitivity of 99.5%, specificity of 99.57% and AUC of 99.84%

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Development the relationship between ESDD and the distance from the source of contaminants for the insulator

The contamination severity on the insulator surface can be expressed by equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD). The value of ESDD varies with the distance of the insulator from the source of contaminants. Normally, the main sources of contaminants affecting insulators are coming from the coastal regions, industrial areas and also deserts. The values of ESDD tend to decrease with increasing distance from the seacoast. In this paper, a relationship between the ESDD and the distance of the insulator from the source of contaminants has been derived based on dimensional analysis technique. The results obtained from the proposed relationship are compared to the other researcher's results and good agreement is observed. With this finding, effective implementation of line and station insulation coordination in contaminated conditions will be obtaine

Study Of Creepage Distance Of The Contaminated Insulator In Correlation With Salt Deposit Density

For design purposes, the specific knowledge about the creepage distance of the insulator for the contaminated environment is important. This can be done easily if the mathematical relationship between the creepage distance and Salt Deposit Density (SDD) is known. In this paper, a relationship between the creepage distance of the insulator and SDD has been proposed using the Dimensional Analysis technique. The results calculated from the proposed expression are compared with other results and found to be in close agreemen

Potential use of green algae as a biosorbent for hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions

The hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) poses a threat as a hazardous metal and its removal from aquatic environments through biosorption has gained attention as a viable technology of bioremediation. We evaluated the potential use of three green algae (Cladophora glomerata, Enteromorpha intestinalis and Microspora amoena) dry biomass as a biosorbent to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity of the biomass was determined using batch experiments. The adsorption capacity appeared to depend on the pH. The optimum pH with the acid-treated biomass for Cr(VI) biosorption was found to be 2.0 at a constant temperature, 45 °C. Among the three genera studied, C. glomerata recorded a maximum of 66.6% removal from the batch process using 1.0 g dried algal cells/100 ml aqueous solution containing an initial concentration of 20 mg/L chromium at 45 °C and pH 2.0 for 60 min of contact time. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations fitted to the equilibrium data, Freundlich was the better model. Our study showed that C. glomerata dry biomass is a suitable candidate to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Keywords: Bioremediation, Cr(VI), Green algae, Water pollutio

Potensi Bahaya Gunung Api terhadap Calon Tapak PLTN, Studi Kasus: Gunung Api Semadum, Kalimantan Barat

Aspek kegunungapian merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam survei pemilihan calon tapak Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN). Survei bahaya gunung api dilaksanakan pada radius 150 km dari calon tapak PLTN, meliputi survei produk gunung api tua hingga gunung api aktif. Salah satu gunung api muda di daerah Kalimantan Barat adalah Gunung Api Semadum yang terletak di Desa Pisak, Kecamatan Tujuhbelas, Bengkayang berumur Pliosen-Plistosen dengan jarak 115 km dari calon tapak PLTN di Pantai Gosong, Kecamatan Sungai Raya, Bengkayang, Kalimantan Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik dan potensi bahaya gunung api Semadum terhadap rencana Calon Tapak PLTN. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah interpretasi citra DEM-SRTM untuk mengetahui pola topografi, dilanjutkan dengan kegiatan lapangan pemetaan geologi, pengambilan contoh batuan produk gunung api Semadum dan analisis Petrografi serta geokimia menggunakan X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Gunung Semadum tersusun oleh lava andesit-basalt berstruktur vesikuler-skoria, lava andesit berstruktur masif, batuan piroklastika berupa breksi piroklastik dengan fragmen andesit (bom dan blok), breksi lapili/tuf, dan Kubah lava. Kompleks ini secara geokimia tersusun atas trakhiandesite dan dasit yang memiliki afinitas calc-alkaline. Berdasarkan sifat magma dan sebaran produknya, gunung api Semadum tidak memiliki potensi bahaya gunung api terhadap Calon Tapak PLTN