Consumption of Milk-Protein Combined with Green Tea Modulates Diet-Induced Thermogenesis

Green tea and protein separately are able to increase diet-induced thermogenesis. Although their effects on long-term weight-maintenance were present separately, they were not additive. Therefore, the effect of milk-protein (MP) in combination with green tea on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) was examined in 18 subjects (aged 18–60 years; BMI: 23.0 ± 2.1 kg/m2). They participated in an experiment with a randomized, 6 arms, crossover design, where energy expenditure and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured. Green tea (GT)vs. placebo (PL) capsules were either given in combination with water or with breakfasts containing milk protein in two different dosages: 15 g (15 MP) (energy% P/C/F: 15/47/38; 1.7 MJ/500 mL), and 3.5 g (3.5 MP) (energy% P/C/F: 41/59/0; 146.4 kJ/100 mL). After measuring resting energy expenditure (REE) for 30 min, diet-induced energy expenditure was measured for another 3.5 h after the intervention. There was an overall significant difference observed between conditions (p < 0.001). Post-hoc, areas under the curve (AUCs) for diet-induced energy expenditure were significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) for GT + water (41.11 [91.72] kJ・3.5 h) vs. PL + water (10.86 [28.13] kJ・3.5 h), GT + 3.5 MP (10.14 [54.59] kJ・3.5 h) and PL + 3.5 MP (12.03 [34.09] kJ・3.5 h), but not between GT + 3.5 MP, PL + 3.5 MP and PL + water, indicating that MP inhibited DIT following GT. DIT after GT + 15 MP (167.69 [141.56] kJ・3.5 h) and PL + 15 MP (168.99 [186.56] kJ・3.5 h) was significantly increased vs. PL + water (P < 0.001), but these were not different from each other indicating that 15 g MP stimulated DIT, but inhibited the GT effect on DIT. No significant differences in RQ were seen between conditions for baseline and post-treatment. In conclusion, consumption of milk-protein inhibits the effect of green tea on DIT

Remembering the First Crusade: Latin Narrative Histories 1099-c.1300

The success of the First Crusade by the Christian armies caught the interest and arrested the imagination of contemporaries, stimulating the production of a large number of historical narratives. Four eyewitness accounts, as well as letters written by the crusaders to the West, were taken up by later authors, re-worked and re-fashioned into new narratives; a process which continued throughout the twelfth century and beyond. This thesis sets out to explore why contemporaries continued to write about the First Crusade in light of medieval attitudes towards the past, how authors constructed their narratives and how the crusade and the crusaders were remembered throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It will analyse the development in the way the First Crusade was recorded and investigate the social, religious, intellectual and political influences dictating change: How, why and under what circumstances was the story re- told? What changed in the re-telling? What ideas and concepts were the authors trying to communicate and what was their meaning for contemporaries? The thesis will also aim to place these texts not only in their historical but also in their literary contexts, analyse the literary traditions from which authors were writing, and consider the impact the crusade had on medieval literature. The focus will be on Latin histories of the First Crusade, especially those written in England and France, which produced the greatest number of narratives. Those written in the Levant, the subject of these histories, will also be discussed, as well as texts written in the Empire and in Italy

Long-Term Green Tea Extract Supplementation Does Not Affect Fat Absorption, Resting Energy Expenditure, and Body Composition in Adults

BACKGROUND: Green tea (GT) extract may play a role in body weight regulation. Suggested mechanisms are decreased fat absorption and increased energy expenditure. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether GT supplementation for 12 wk has beneficial effects on weight control via a reduction in dietary lipid absorption as well as an increase in resting energy expenditure (REE). METHODS: Sixty Caucasian men and women [BMI (in kg/m2): 18-25 or >25; age: 18-50 y] were included in a randomized placebo-controlled design in which fecal energy content (FEC), fecal fat content (FFC), resting energy expenditure, respiratory quotient (RQ), body composition, and physical activity were measured twice (baseline vs. week 12). For 12 wk, subjects consumed either GT (>0.56 g/d epigallocatechin gallate + 0.28-0.45 g/d caffeine) or placebo capsules. Before the measurements, subjects recorded energy intake for 4 consecutive days and collected feces for 3 consecutive days. RESULTS: No significant differences between groups and no significant changes over time were observed for the measured variables. Overall means +/- SDs were 7.2 +/- 3.8 g/d, 6.1 +/- 1.2 MJ/d, 67.3 +/- 14.3 kg, and 29.8 +/- 8.6% for FFC, REE, body weight, and body fat percentage, respectively.Conclusion: GT supplementation for 12 wk in 60 men and women did not have a significant effect on FEC, FFC, REE, RQ, and body composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01556321

Macronutrient balances for 100%CAPS (black), 100%Control (light grey), 75%CAPS (dark grey) and 75%Control (white) conditions in fifteen subjects (seven female and eight male).

<p>Macronutrient balances for 100%CAPS (black), 100%Control (light grey), 75%CAPS (dark grey) and 75%Control (white) conditions in fifteen subjects (seven female and eight male).</p

Flow diagram (CONSORT).

<p>Flow diagram (CONSORT).</p

Total energy expenditure, components of energy expenditure, energy intake, substrate oxidation and mean RQ during the four conditions (n = 15).

*<p>p<0.05 compared to 100%CAPS, ** p<0.01 compared to 100%CAPS.</p>#<p>p<0.05 compared to 100%Control, ^## p<0.01 compared to 100%Control.</p><p>EI: Energy intake; EB: Energy balance; TEE: Total energy expenditure; REE: Resting energy expenditure; SMR: Sleeping metabolic rate; DIT: Diet-induced thermogenesis; AEE: Activity-induced energy expenditure; RQ: Respiratory quotient.</p

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements for the conditions 100%CAPS, 100%Control, 75%CAPS and 75%Control as measured 15 minutes before the meals (n = 15).

<p>Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements for the conditions 100%CAPS, 100%Control, 75%CAPS and 75%Control as measured 15 minutes before the meals (n = 15).</p