Context and change in Japanese music

Although Japan is often portrayed as culturally and ethnically highly homogeneous, its music culture has long been extremely diverse, especially so with modernization and globalization. Thus we begin by problematizing the term ‘Japanese music’. We then aim to provide broad historical, cultural and theoretical contexts within which to understand the subsequent genre-specific chapters, by introducing a range of cross-cutting topics, issues and research perspectives - for example: Japan’s interactions with other cultures throughout history; sociocultural contexts of each genre, including issues of patronage, audiences, class and gender; social structures and mechanisms of transmission; music theory in Japan; aesthetic concepts; and research culture. We conclude with a view into the musical future, considering the impact of educational policies, globalization and so forth

Context and change in Japanese music

Although Japan is often portrayed as culturally and ethnically highly homogeneous, its music culture has long been extremely diverse, especially so with modernization and globalization. Thus we begin by problematizing the term ‘Japanese music’. We then aim to provide broad historical, cultural and theoretical contexts within which to understand the subsequent genre-specific chapters, by introducing a range of cross-cutting topics, issues and research perspectives - for example: Japan’s interactions with other cultures throughout history; sociocultural contexts of each genre, including issues of patronage, audiences, class and gender; social structures and mechanisms of transmission; music theory in Japan; aesthetic concepts; and research culture. We conclude with a view into the musical future, considering the impact of educational policies, globalization and so forth

Australian threshold quantities for ‘drug trafficking’: are they placing drug users at risk of unjustified sanction?

This study uses data on patterns of drug user consumption and purchasing to evaluate Australian legal threshold quantities to see whether Australian drug users are at risk of exceeding the thresholds for personal use alone. Introduction Drug trafficking in Australia is deemed a very serious offence, one for which legislators and courts have ruled general deterrence is paramount and ‘little mercy’ should be shown. A principal challenge has been how to effectively differentiate and sanction participants in the drug trade—particularly how to differentiate ‘traffickers’ from those who consume or purchase illicit drugs for personal use alone. To assist in this endeavour, all Australian states and territories have adopted legal thresholds that specify quantities of drugs over which offenders are either presumed to have possessed the drugs ‘for the purposes of supply’ and liable to sanction as ‘drug traffickers’ (up to 15 years imprisonment in most states), or in the case of Queensland, liable to sanctions equivalent to drug traffickers (up to 25 years imprisonment). Yet, in spite of known risks from adopting such thresholds, particularly of an unjustified conviction of a user as a trafficker, the capacity of Australian legal thresholds to deliver proportional sanctioning has been subject to limited research to date. This paper summarises key findings from a Criminology Research Grant funded project. The broader project examined this issue in two different ways—whether the thresholds are designed to filter traffickers from users and whether they enable appropriate sanctioning of traffickers of different controlled drugs. Herein, the focus is on the former—to what extent Australian legal thresholds unwittingly place users at risk of unjustified and disproportionate charge or sanction as traffickers

Chemical profiling and biotechnological potential of marine microalgae in response to light and abiotic stress

Microalgae form the base of the aquatic food chain and have important ecological functions, including nutrient cycling and carbon capturing. These microscopic eukaryotes are incredibly diverse, with an estimated 72,000 extant species. They have been investigated for their biotechnological potential in industries such as nutraceutical, cosmetic, and biofuel. Most research has focused on specific high-value metabolites such as astaxanthin or β-carotene for human health, or classes of natural products such as polyunsaturated fatty acids for biofuels. However, a systematic untargeted approach to exploring the chemical diversity of microalgal metabolites has yet to be performed. Unlocking this chemical potential could provide further applications and incentives to the microalgal biotechnology sector. This thesis aims to fill this gap by exploring the chemical space of microalgae and the elicitation of further chemistry using abiotic stress. A comparative metabolomics study of 36 microalgal strains from both freshwater and marine environments showed that Haptophytes were a rich source of chemistry compared to the well-studied Chlorophytes. It also explored chemical diversity across strains of the same species, providing evidence that isolation environment rather than phylogenetic relationships could be used to group microalgae based on chemical profiles. To investigate the chemistry produced by three strains of marine microalgae, Dunaliella primolecta, Nannochloropsis oculata, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum were cultured under varying conditions of salinity, sodium chloride, nitrate, and pH and Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) molecular networking was used to gain insights into the effect of these stresses on metabolite production. A total of 2284 metabolites were detected across all strains and conditions, with 49% of those metabolites specific to cultures grown under stress conditions (i.e., not in the control). Salinity had the greatest effect with 22.8% of metabolites only produced under salinity stress. From comparison with over 33 libraries of mass spectral data, only five metabolites were identified, stressing the need for more open-access natural product -and specifically algal natural product - databases. Finally, we partnered with Xanthella Ltd., a marine biotechnology company in Scotland, to study the effect of 405 nm light on growth of four strains of microalgae and the production of antimicrobial metabolites. This wavelength has been shown to reduce bacterial contamination in cultures but is an expensive regimen to apply at a large scale. The production of high-value metabolites under this light regimen could enable culturing under 405 nm illumination to be economically viable. Although no bioactivity was observed from extracts or fractions, molecular networking did show that 16-25% of metabolites were either exclusively produced under 405 nm illumination or absent from the white light control condition. This thesis offers a starting point for fundamental and comparative research into microalgal growth and metabolite production and their applications in human health.Microalgae form the base of the aquatic food chain and have important ecological functions, including nutrient cycling and carbon capturing. These microscopic eukaryotes are incredibly diverse, with an estimated 72,000 extant species. They have been investigated for their biotechnological potential in industries such as nutraceutical, cosmetic, and biofuel. Most research has focused on specific high-value metabolites such as astaxanthin or β-carotene for human health, or classes of natural products such as polyunsaturated fatty acids for biofuels. However, a systematic untargeted approach to exploring the chemical diversity of microalgal metabolites has yet to be performed. Unlocking this chemical potential could provide further applications and incentives to the microalgal biotechnology sector. This thesis aims to fill this gap by exploring the chemical space of microalgae and the elicitation of further chemistry using abiotic stress. A comparative metabolomics study of 36 microalgal strains from both freshwater and marine environments showed that Haptophytes were a rich source of chemistry compared to the well-studied Chlorophytes. It also explored chemical diversity across strains of the same species, providing evidence that isolation environment rather than phylogenetic relationships could be used to group microalgae based on chemical profiles. To investigate the chemistry produced by three strains of marine microalgae, Dunaliella primolecta, Nannochloropsis oculata, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum were cultured under varying conditions of salinity, sodium chloride, nitrate, and pH and Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) molecular networking was used to gain insights into the effect of these stresses on metabolite production. A total of 2284 metabolites were detected across all strains and conditions, with 49% of those metabolites specific to cultures grown under stress conditions (i.e., not in the control). Salinity had the greatest effect with 22.8% of metabolites only produced under salinity stress. From comparison with over 33 libraries of mass spectral data, only five metabolites were identified, stressing the need for more open-access natural product -and specifically algal natural product - databases. Finally, we partnered with Xanthella Ltd., a marine biotechnology company in Scotland, to study the effect of 405 nm light on growth of four strains of microalgae and the production of antimicrobial metabolites. This wavelength has been shown to reduce bacterial contamination in cultures but is an expensive regimen to apply at a large scale. The production of high-value metabolites under this light regimen could enable culturing under 405 nm illumination to be economically viable. Although no bioactivity was observed from extracts or fractions, molecular networking did show that 16-25% of metabolites were either exclusively produced under 405 nm illumination or absent from the white light control condition. This thesis offers a starting point for fundamental and comparative research into microalgal growth and metabolite production and their applications in human health

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Use of Point-of-Care C-Reactive Protein Testing to Reduce Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care

More appropriate and measured use of antibiotics may be achieved using point-of-care (POC) C-reactive protein (CRP) testing, but there is limited evidence of cost-effectiveness in routine practice. A decision analytic model was developed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of testing, compared with standard care, in adults presenting in primary care with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI). Analyses considered (1) pragmatic use of testing, reflective of routine clinical practice, and (2) testing according to clinical guidelines. Threshold and scenario analysis were performed to identify cost-effective scenarios. In patients with symptoms of ARTI and based on routine practice, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of CRP testing were £19,705 per quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) gained and £16.07 per antibiotic prescription avoided. Following clinical guideline, CRP testing in patients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) cost £4390 per QALY gained and £9.31 per antibiotic prescription avoided. At a threshold of £20,000 per QALY, the probabilities of POC CRP testing being cost-effective were 0.49 (ARTI) and 0.84 (LRTI). POC CRP testing as implemented in routine practice is appreciably less cost-effective than when adhering to clinical guidelines. The implications for antibiotic resistance and Clostridium difficile infection warrant further investigation

Si ça brille, c’est donc de l’or

Donner du lustre à vos traductions « luxe » et « mode » D’expérience, je sais que les fashionistas et les créatifs sont nombreux parmi les traducteurs. La traduction se débarrasserait-elle enfin de sa réputation de métier « vieux jeu » ? Sommes-nous en train de délaisser le « culte de la pauvreté » pour viser plus haut ? Ou répondons-nous simplement à une demande du marché ? Tous ces facteurs jouent un rôle, me semble-t-il. Pour ma part, j’ai entamé ma carrière de traductrice généraliste apr..

Quantifying the energy needs of the transport sector for South Africa: a bottom-up model

Transport is a large consumer of energy in South Africa and vital for economic development. Currently the transport sector consumes 28% of final energy, the bulk of which, 97%, is in the form of liquid fuels. As the population grows and becomes wealthier, so the demand for passenger transport and private vehicles increases; similarly, rising GDP drives the demand for freight transport. Supply interruptions are costly to the economy and careful long‐term planning is required to ensure that there is sufficient infrastructure to support the efficient functioning and growth of the transport sector in the future