‘I am sorry it is not more, but it is all I could earn’: Presbyterian Children, Christmas and Charity in Colonial New Zealand, c.1909-1945

In February 1884 the Presbyterian mission ship The Dayspring departed the southern New Zealand city of Dunedin, en route back to the New Hebrides [Vanuatu] via Sydney, after completing a tour of the colony’s main centres. The Otago Daily Times reporter observed that in Dunedin the ship was visited by ‘close on 14,000 persons – children and adults’, with another ‘600 children’ as visitors prior to its departure from nearby Port Chalmers. The children inspected ‘various curios’ in the cabins and at least saw, if not interacted with, five ‘natives’ on board. These four men and one woman, from the New Hebrides, had ‘shown themselves to be possessed of much intelligence and observation’ who, through ‘missionary labour and Christian instruction’, had been ‘transformed from savage cannibals into peaceful, gentle Christians’ (‘The Dayspring’ 1884, p. 2)

“Those were Grand Days”: A New Zealand Teenager Writes her Own Life, 1928–1946

This article considers an “autobiography” written by a New Zealand school girl in 1946. This document is a family history artefact that, while possibly unique in terms of genre, has value for broader histories of childhood and youth, of adolescent writing and particularly for understanding the historicised educational experiences of girls in the interwar period. It provides a case study of how such sources can be used or interpreted, arguing in particular for a contextual and relational approach that considers the issues of historical setting, voice versus agency, and discursive influences. In the process it suggests that semi-autonomy rather than full autonomy emerges as a more useful interpretive concept when reading such adolescent life histories

The effects of adult guidance and peer discussion on the development of children's representations: evidence from the training of pedestrian skills

It was hypothesised that practical training is effective in improving children's pedestrian skills because adult scaffolding and peer discussion during training specifically promote E3 level representation (linguistically-encoded, experientially-grounded, generalisable knowledge), as defined by Karmiloff-Smith's (1992) representational redescription (RR) model. Two studies were conducted to examine in detail the impact of this social input, in the context of simulation-based training in roadside search skills. Five- to eight-year-olds were pre-tested on ability to detect relevant road crossing features. They then participated in four training sessions designed to promote attunement to these, under peer discussion condition vs adult guidance conditions (Study 1), and adult-child vs adult-group conditions (Study 2). Performance at post-test was compared to that of controls who underwent no training. Study 1 found that children in the adult guidance condition improved significantly more than those in the peer discussion or control conditions, and this improvement was directly attributable to appropriation of E3 level representations from adult dialogue. Study 2 found that progress was greater still when adult scaffolding was supplemented by peer discussion, with E3 level representation attributable to children's exploration of conflicting ideas. The implications of these findings for the RR model and for practical road safety education are discussed

Sensitivity of ice-phase cloud microphysics in the NCAR WRF model

Two advanced bulk cloud microphysics schemes, namely, Thompson and Morrison schemes, are evaluated based on observations gathered from the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE). Because of large uncertainties related to observational retrievals during the “wet” monsoon period (January 17-25, 2006), we have focused on the subsequent “dry” monsoon period (January 26 to February 2, 2006), when deep convections are absent. Compared with the 35-Ghz millimeter wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) and NASA satellite retrievals, all BCMSs tend to simulate more high-level cirrus clouds during the “dry” monsoon period. Therefore, sensitivity tests are carried out to evaluate the issues associated with the ice-phase cloud microphysical parameterizations. Three sensitive tests are carried out to investigate the sensitivity of 1) the maximum number of cloud ice concentration (referred to as the intercept parameter, IP), 2) prescribed size distributions (SD) of cloud ice (Thompson scheme only), and 3) the empirical functions of water and ice saturation threshold (ST). One suite of “convective resolving or cloud-permitting” (4.0 km) simulations of the TWP-ICE “dry” monsoon period illustrates the significant difference among simulated cirrus cloud fraction, cloud ice, snow, and graupel contents for both Thompson and Morrison schemes. These differences are further investigated in another suite of high-resolution “cloud-resolving” (1.5 km) simulations for five days within the TWP-ICE “dry” monsoon period. Based on “cloud-permitting” simulations, we found that Thompson scheme is not sensitive to gamma or exponential SD. Hence the following results are for the exponential SD only. Thompson scheme is more sensitive to ST than Morrison scheme, especially when the temperature drops below minus 40-60oC. Morrison scheme is more sensitive to IP than Thompson scheme. Based on “cloud-resolving” simulations, we found that the above sensitive dependencies on IP and ST for Thompson and Morrison schemes become diminished at high vertical and horizontal resolutions, which infers the importance of future generations of “cloud-resolving” models. Future work is inferred also with respects to other ice-phase cloud microphysical constraints, such as terminal velocities of ice/snow/graupel hydrometros and cloud ice nucleation processes, including explicit aerosol interactions

A Moment-Based Polarimetric Radar Forward Operator for Rain Microphysics

There is growing interest in combining microphysical models and polarimetric radar observations to improve our understanding of storms and precipitation. Mapping model-predicted variables into the radar observational space necessitates a forward operator, which requires assumptions that introduce uncertainties into model-observation comparisons. These include uncertainties arising from the microphysics scheme a priori assumptions of a fixed drop size distribution (DSD) functional form, whereas natural DSDs display far greater variability. To address this concern, this study presents a moment-based polarimetric radar forward operator with no fundamental restrictions on the DSD form by linking radar observables to integrated DSD moments. The forward operator is built upon a dataset of > 200 million realistic DSDs from one-dimensional bin microphysical rain shaft simulations, and surface disdrometer measurements from around the world. This allows for a robust statistical assessment of forward operator uncertainty and quantification of the relationship between polarimetric radar observables and DSD moments. Comparison of "truth" and forward-simulated vertical profiles of the polarimetric radar variables are shown for bin simulations using a variety of moment combinations. Higher-order moments (especially those optimized for use with the polarimetric radar variables: the 6th and 9th) perform better than the lower-order moments (0th and 3rd) typically predicted by many bulk microphysics schemes

1863-01-15 Hugh A. Morrison and others request names be erased from the Allotment Roll

https://digitalmaine.com/cw_me_1st_heavy_corr/1046/thumbnail.jp

Arctic Mixed-phase Clouds Simulated by a Cloud-Resolving Model: Comparison with ARM Observations and Sensitivity to Microphysics Parameterizations

Single-layer mixed-phase stratiform (MPS) Arctic clouds, which formed under conditions of large surface heat flux combined with general subsidence during a subperiod of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE), are simulated with a cloud resolving model (CRM). The CRM is implemented with either an advanced two-moment (M05) or a commonly used one-moment (L83) bulk microphysics scheme and a state-of-the-art radiative transfer scheme. The CONTROL simulation, that uses the M05 scheme and observed aerosol size distribution and ice nulei (IN) number concentration, reproduces the magnitudes and vertical structures of cloud liquid water content (LWC), total ice water content (IWC), number concentration and effective radius of cloud droplets as suggested by the M-PACE observations. It underestimates ice crystal number concentrations by an order of magnitude and overestimates effective radius of ice crystals by a factor of 2-3. The OneM experiment, that uses the L83 scheme, produces values of liquid water path (LWP) and ice plus snow water path (ISWP) that were about 30% and 4 times, respectively, of those produced by the CONTROL. Its vertical profile of IWC exhibits a bimodal distribution in contrast to the constant distribution of IWC produced in the CONTROL and observations

The impact of high access to computers on learning in mathematics, English and science

Researchers at Queen's University, Belfast recently completed a study into the potential of portable ‘laptop' or ‘notebook' computers in schools. Over 235 pupils in nine schools were provided with a personal portable computer for a whole school year. One aspect of the research was to assess the impact which the high access to information technology (IT) had on the pupils' learning. Five experimental/control class groups (with/ without laptops) were matched for age, gender and ability. The performance of these pupils in mathematics, English and science tests was measured before and after the ‘treatment' period and the comparisons were analysed. A number of interesting effects were observed and these indicated, with due recognition of the project constraints, that the impact of high access to computers on learning in mathematics, English and science was at best marginal

Multi-Layer Arctic Mixed-Phase Clouds Simulated by a Cloud-Resolving Model: Comparison with ARM Observations and Sensitivity Experiments

A cloud-resolving model (CRM) is used to simulate the multiple-layer mixed-phase stratiform (MPS) clouds that occurred during a three-and-a-half day subperiod of the Department of Energy-Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program s Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE). The CRM is implemented with an advanced two-moment microphysics scheme, a state-of-the-art radiative transfer scheme, and a complicated third-order turbulence closure. Concurrent meteorological, aerosol, and ice nucleus measurements are used to initialize the CRM. The CRM is prescribed by time-varying large-scale advective tendencies of temperature and moisture and surface turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat. The CRM reproduces the occurrences of the single- and double-layer MPS clouds as revealed by the M-PACE observations. However, the simulated first cloud layer is lower and the second cloud layer thicker compared to observations. The magnitude of the simulated liquid water path agrees with that observed, but its temporal variation is more pronounced than that observed. As in an earlier study of single-layer cloud, the CRM also captures the major characteristics in the vertical distributions and temporal variations of liquid water content (LWC), total ice water content (IWC), droplet number concentration and ice crystal number concentration (nis) as suggested by the aircraft observations. However, the simulated mean values differ significantly from the observed. The magnitude of nis is especially underestimated by one order of magnitude. Sensitivity experiments suggest that the lower cloud layer is closely related to the surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat; the upper cloud layer is probably initialized by the large-scale advective cooling/moistening and maintained through the strong longwave (LW) radiative cooling near the cloud top which enhances the dynamical circulation; artificially turning off all ice-phase microphysical processes results in an increase in LWP by a factor of 3 due to interactions between the excessive LW radiative cooling and extra cloud water; heating caused by phase change of hydrometeors could affect the LWC and cloud top height by partially canceling out the LW radiative cooling. It is further shown that the resolved dynamical circulation appears to contribute more greatly to the evolution of the MPS cloud layers than the parameterized subgrid-scale circulation