Effects of Vowel Length on Gaze Durations in Silent and Oral Reading

Vowel length is known to affect reaction times in single word reading. Eye movement studies involving silent sentence reading showed that phonological information of a word can be acquired even before it is fixated. However, it remained an open question whether vowel length directly influences oculomotor control in sentence reading. In the present eye tracking study, subjects read sentences that included target words of varying vowel length and frequency. In Experiment 1, subjects read silently for comprehension, whereas Experiment 2 involved oral reading. Experiments 3 and 4 additionally included an articulatory suppression task and a foot tapping task. Results indicated that in conditions that did not require additional articulation (Experiments 1 and 4) gaze durations were increased for words with long vowels compared to words with short vowels. Conditions that required simultaneous articulation (Experiments 2 and 3) did not yield a vowel length effect. The results point to an influence of phonetic properties on oculomotor control during silent reading around the time of the completion of lexical access

From eye to arrow: Attention capture by direct gaze requires more than just the eyes

Abstract: Human attention is strongly attracted by direct gaze and sudden onset motion. The sudden direct-gaze effect refers to the processing advantage for targets appearing on peripheral faces that suddenly establish eye contact. Here, we investigate the necessity of social information for attention capture by (sudden onset) ostensive cues. Six experiments involving 204 participants applied (1) naturalistic faces, (2) arrows, (3) schematic eyes, (4) naturalistic eyes, or schematic facial configurations (5) without or (6) with head turn to an attention-capture paradigm. Trials started with two stimuli oriented towards the observer and two stimuli pointing into the periphery. Simultaneous to target presentation, one direct stimulus changed to averted and one averted stimulus changed to direct, yielding a 2 × 2 factorial design with direction and motion cues being absent or present. We replicated the (sudden) direct-gaze effect for photographic faces, but found no corresponding effects in Experiments 2–6. Hence, a holistic and socially meaningful facial context seems vital for attention capture by direct gaze. Statement of significance: The present study highlights the significance of context information for social attention. Our findings demonstrate that the direct-gaze effect, that is, the prioritization of direct gaze over averted gaze, critically relies on the presentation of a meaningful holistic and naturalistic facial context. This pattern of results is evidence in favor of early effects of surrounding social information on attention capture by direct gaze. © 2021, The Author(s)

Effekte von chronischem Cannabiskonsum mit frühem "age of onset" auf okulomotorische Kontrolle und visuelle Informationsverarbeitung

Huestegge L. Effekte von chronischem Cannabiskonsum mit frühem "age of onset" auf okulomotorische Kontrolle und visuelle Informationsverarbeitung. Bielefeld (Germany): Bielefeld University; 2005

Oculomotor interference during manual response preparation: evidence from the response-cueing paradigm

Preparation provided by visual location cues is known to speed up behavior. However, the role of concurrent saccades in response to visual cues remains unclear. In this study, participants performed a spatial precueing task by pressing one of four response keys with one of four fingers (two of each hand) while eye movements were monitored. Prior to the stimulus, we presented a neutral cue (baseline), a hand cue (corresponding to left vs. right positions), or a finger cue (corresponding to inner vs. outer positions). Participants either remained fixated on a central fixation point or moved their eyes freely. The results demonstrated that saccades during the cueing interval altered the pattern of cueing effects. Finger cueing trials in which saccades were spatially incompatible (vs. compatible) with the subsequently required manual response exhibited slower manual RTs. We propose that interference between saccades and manual responses affects manual motor preparation

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Электрооборудование и электропривод судового вентилятора по системе ПЧ-АД

Объектом исследования является электропривод судового вентилятора. Цель работы: провести расчет и исследование электропривода судового вентилятора по системе ПЧ - АД и выбрать необходимое оборудование. Экономическое обоснование принятых решений. В процессе исследования произведен выбор метода расчета на основе исходных данных, поэтапный расчет силового оборудования, его выбор и проверка при различныхObject of research is the electric drive of the ship fan. Work purpose: to conduct calculation and research of the electric drive of the ship fan on system the frequency converter - the induction motor and to choose the necessary equipment. An economic justification of the made decisions. In the course of research the choice of a method of calculation on the basis of basic data, stage-by-stage calculation of the power equipment, his choice and check is made a

What is a mountain? : an ethnohistory of representation and ritual at Pure Crystal Mountain in Tibet.

This dissertation records and analyses the Tibetan cultural discourses and social practices relating to the Himalayan peak called Dag-pa Shel-ri, or 'Pure Crystal Mountain'. The mountain and its environs constitute the borderland district of Tsa-ri in South-eastern Tibet. The area has long been of ritual importance to Tibetan-speaking peoples as a site of local mountain deity worship. Tantric practice and popular pilgrimages. This work gives the first comprehensive Western account of pre-1959 Tibetan life at Tsa-ri using an ethnohistorical method which makes extensive use of Tibetan oral and written sources. Chapter one discusses theoretical and methodological issues concerning this research in particular, and the study of Tibetan pilgrimage rituals in general. It concludes that closer attention needs to be paid to emic categories of place, person and substance in research on certain types of Tibetan practices and beliefs. Chapter two surveys the main Tibetan representational systems which contextualize Pure Crystal Mountain cosmologically and geographically, and which are used in the definition and ordering of space and place at the site. Chapter three contains translations of oral and written 'narrative map' texts. These are discussed in terms of how Tibetans construct their historical consciousness of the area and interpret and navigate its landscape. Chapter four introduces the mountain as a historically important site for Tibetan Tantra and gives an account of Tantric Buddhist ritual life there in the 1950s. Chapter five describes three popular annual pilgrimages which took place on the upper slopes of the mountain during the 1950s. Chapter six gives a detailed account of the large, twelve-yearly Tsa-ri rong-skor procession and the associated klo-rdzong ceremony based on Tibetan reports of the last two stagings of these events in 1944 and 1956. Chapter seven analyses the historical origins and cultural and social significance of the Tsa-ri rong-skor procession and klo-rdzong ceremony in pre-1959 Tibet. Chapter eight describes the local ecology and economy of the inhabitants of Tsa-ri district in the 1950s. It shows how representations of person and place at Tsa-ri were linked to the practice of a unique form of pre-1959 Tibetan life there. An appendix contains Tibetan oral texts used in this study