Results of ultra-low level 71ge counting for application in the Gallex-solar neutrino experiment at the Gran Sasso Underground Physics Laboratory

It has been experimentally verified that the Ultra-Low-Level Counting System for the Gallex solar neutrino experiment is capable of measuring the expected solar up silon-flux to plus or minus 12% during two years of operation

Two energy suppliers are better than one: survey experiments on consumer engagement with local energy in GB

Usually consumers have a single energy supplier. Permitting consumers to take on additional contracts with local suppliers in a multiple-supplier model could support growth of local renewable energy. The aims of this study were to assess the attractiveness of a multiple-supplier model and to understand whether consumers would be more likely to engage with local energy suppliers in a multiple-supplier model or the current single supplier model. An additional aim was to explore the role of default effects and cognitive biases associated with remaining with incumbent suppliers (loss-aversion, cognitive effort and implied endorsement). Two nationally representative survey experiments were conducted in Great Britain (n = 1042, n = 762). Results showed that participants were significantly more likely to engage with local energy suppliers under a multiple-supplier model than the current single supplier model. In one experiment, consumers’ preference for adding a local supplier under a multiple-supplier model was so strong that it overcame default effects. The perception that the supplier has been recommended (i.e. implied endorsement) was the most robust mechanism associated with remaining with default suppliers, suggesting that explicit endorsement of local energy suppliers may encourage uptake. Results suggest multiple-supplier models are likely to be a promising avenue for increased energy market engagement

Effects of elevated carbon dioxide levels on response speed in cognitive test

To explore the associations of exposure to carbon dioxide with adults' response speed, 69 participants were invited to participate in the experiment conducted in an environmentally controlled chamber. Participants were exposed alone in three separate sessions, each lasting one hour, with a fixed ventilation rate, temperature and relative humidity level and the CO2 levels fixed at 600ppm, 1500ppm and 2100ppm, respectively. A validated neurobehavioral test battery, the Behavioural Assessment and Research System (BARS) was used to assess participants' cognitive performance, and response times were collected. Response speed was assessed in ten different tests. After adjusting for potential confounders (age, gender, and education), results showed no significant differences in eight out of the ten neurobehavioral tests. For the Selective Attention test, participants responded faster (lower response time) under CO2 levels of 2100ppm compared to 600ppm (adj.β-coef. -17.57, 95% CI (-29.45, -5.68), p-value=0.004). For the Progressive Ratio Test, participants' response times significantly decreased with CO2 levels increased. Results indicate no statistical link between CO2 levels and response speed, with only two out of ten comparisons being significant

Low noise cryogenic system for the measurement of Casimir energy in rigid cavities

We report on preliminary results on the measurement of variations of the Casimir energy in rigid cavities through its influence on the superconducting transition of in-cavity aluminium (Al) thin films. After a description of the experimental apparatus we report on a measurement made with thermal photons, discussing its implications for the zero-point photons case. Finally we show the preliminary results for the zero-point case.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, Talk given at QFEXT07 Conference in Liepzig: Quantum Field Theory Under the Influence of External Condition

Consumer demand for time of use electricity tariffs: a systematized review of the empirical evidence

Time of use (TOU) tariffs, if widely adopted, could help make electricity more secure, clean and affordable. However, quite little is known about whether consumers will switch to a TOU tariff or what might increase uptake if switching rates are lower than required. This paper presents the results of a systematized review and meta-analysis combining the results of 66 measures of uptake to a variety of TOU tariffs across 27 studies conducted in six countries. It provides the first robust estimate of consumer demand and correlates of demand for TOU tariffs that is not based on the results from just a single study or tariff. Four main conclusions emerge. First, if consumers are left to opt-in to TOU tariffs, uptake could be as low as 1% unless efforts are made to close the intention-action gap, otherwise enrolment could reach 43%. Second, if enrolment is opt-out, uptake could approach 100%. Third, whilst national surveys indicate the potential appetite for TOU tariffs in a population, they are insufficient for predicting future TOU tariff adoption rates; the median proportion of domestic energy bill payers who say they would be willing to switch to a TOU tariff in national surveys is five times higher than the median enrolment rate to TOU tariffs offered by utilities. Fourth, real-time pricing tariffs, in which the price of electricity varies freely throughout the day, are less popular than static TOU tariffs which have fixed peak and off-peak rates. This paper discusses the limitations of opt-out enrolment for TOU tariffs and presents results suggesting that small upfront payments, bill protection and automation are promising alternative methods of increasing opt-in enrolment. Policymakers and researchers should now consider how recruitment will be performed, weighing up the benefits to society as a whole against the distributional impacts for individuals and groups

Crop moisture estimation over the southern Great Plains with dual polarization 1.66 centimeter passive microwave data from Nimbus 7

Moisture content of snow-free, unfrozen soil is inferred using passive microwave brightness temperatures from the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) on Nimbus-7. Investigation is restricted to the two polarizations of the 1.66 cm wavelength sensor. Passive microwave estimates of soil moisture are of two basic categories; those based upon soil emissivity and those based upon the polarization of soil emission. The two methods are compared and contrasted through the investigation of 54 potential functions of polarized brightness temperatures and, in some cases, ground-based temperature measurements. Of these indices, three are selected for the estimated emissivity, the difference between polarized brightness temperatures, and the normalized polarization difference. Each of these indices is about equally effective for monitoring soil moisture. Using an antecedent precipitation index (API) as ground control data, temporal and spatial analyses show that emissivity data consistently give slightly better soil moisture estimates than depolarization data. The difference, however, is not statistically significant. It is concluded that polarization data alone can provide estimates of soil moisture in areas where the emissivity cannot be inferred due to nonavailability of surface temperature data

Four-qubit device with mixed couplings

We present the first experimental results on a device with more than two superconducting qubits. The circuit consists of four three-junction flux qubits, with simultaneous ferro- and antiferromagnetic coupling implemented using shared Josephson junctions. Its response, which is dominated by the ground state, is characterized using low-frequency impedance measurement with a superconducting tank circuit coupled to the qubits. The results are found to be in excellent agreement with the quantum-mechanical predictions.Comment: REVTeX 4, 5pp., 7 EPS figure files. N.B.: "Alec" is my first, and "Maassen van den Brink" my family name. v2: final published version, with changed title, different sample micrograph, and several clarification

Numerical evolution of Brill waves

We report a numerical evolution of axisymmetric Brill waves. The numerical algorithm has new features, including (i) a method for keeping the metric regular on the axis and (ii) the use of coordinates that bring spatial infinity to the edge of the computational grid. The dependence of the evolved metric on both the amplitude and shape of the initial data is found.Comment: added more discussion of results and several reference