A Feminist Revolution on the Popular Front : Muriel Rukeyser\u27s 1930s Poetry

Modern American poet, Muriel Rukeyser (1913-1980) launched her half- century career in the thirties, a decade marked by an economic crisis in the United States, the rising threat of fascism abroad, and, consequently, by a politically-charged literary culture. Although Rukeyser’s deep engagement with social issues identified her from the start as a poet of the left, she maintained her political and artistic autonomy throughout the decade to shape a highly individualistic radical feminist aesthetic. My analysis of Rukeyser’s three collections from the 1930s: Theory of Flight (1935), U.S. 1 (1938), and A Turning Wind (1939) considers how the poet embraces, transforms, and disrupts the leftist literary conventions and social ideas of the period to merge her leftist and feminist impulses. These texts, I argue, are concerned with joining issues of politics and social change with issues of identity and feminism for a broader understanding of what activist poetry can accomplish. I read the three works within the context of Depression-era feminism to consider how they advance the poet’s idiosyncratic feminist social vision where politics is deeply connected to the personal and female agency is a key component in social reform

Tanaorhamphus Longirostris (Acanthocephala) in Gizzard Shad from Ceasar Creek Lake, Ohio

Author Institution: Department of Biological Studies, Wright State UniversityGizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, were collected from Caesar Creek Lake, Ohio, from March through October, 1982. A short period of infection by Tanaorhamphus longirostris occurred from April through July. Both prevalence and intensity were low, with overall mean intensity of 2.25. No relationship could be detected between infection by the worm and the size of the host fish. Maturation and reproduction by the worms peaked in May. Male and female worms were found together in only 14.5% of the infections. It is proposed that the short period of infection results from failure of the late-appearing juvenile worms to develop to maturity. Distribution of worms within the intestine of the gizzard shad was as follows: segment I = 52%, segment II = 22%, segment III = 13%, segment IV = 13%. All of the worms found in the last segment occurred late in the infection period. Infection in June and July was dominated by juvenile worms. These apparently failed to develop because no worms were found in August or October

The Effect of Haptic Feedback on Efficiency and Safety During Preretinal Membrane Peeling Simulation.

PurposeWe determine whether haptic feedback improves surgical performance and outcome during simulated a preretinal membrane peeling procedure.MethodsA haptic-enabled virtual reality preretinal membrane peeling simulator was developed using a surgical cockpit with two multifinger haptic devices. Six subjects (three trained retina surgeons and three nonsurgeons) performed the preretinal membrane peeling surgical procedure using two modes of operation: visual and haptic feedback, and visual feedback only.ResultsTask completion time, tool tip path trajectory, tool-retina collision force, and retinal damage were all reduced with haptic feedback used and compared to modes where haptic feedback was disabled.ConclusionsHaptic feedback improves efficiency and safety during preretinal membrane peeling simulation.Translational relevanceThese findings highlight the potential benefit of haptic feedback for improving performance and safety of vitreoretinal surgery

Pensée géosystémique orientale (voix et réverbération)

Teorias genuínas que, em tom holístico, votam-se à dinâmica e ao arranjo paisagísticos, apareceram no pensamento de autores alemães. Mas antes que (poucos anos à frente) recebessem o tratamento que viria a instituir epicentros franceses, são apropriadas pela ótica soviética. Há, portanto, uma versão teórica precedente ao insight antropocêntrico francês. E é essa versão oriental que consolidará o conceito de geossistema, firmando-o como instrumento prioritariamente operacional. Viktor Sochava, atuando desde o Instituto de Geografia de Irkutsk (leste siberiano), produz textos notáveis a respeito – publicações que o ocidente teve acesso graças ao periódico Soviet Geography (no qual fomos buscar registros). Contudo, por contingência de privação bibliográfica, a maioria dos pesquisadores brasileiros conhece apenas um texto de Sochava (aliás, feliz tradução de Carlos A. de F. Monteiro, editada em 1977). Destacaremos o pensamento deste que é um dos autores mais referidos em se tratando da teoria geossistêmica; mencionando, em seguida, o pensamento seu sucessor. Exemplificado pelo nome Beroutchachvili, o pensamento herdeiro de Sochava autoriza-nos a falar em escola soviética dos geossistemas – escola que, atrelada às circunstâncias geopolíticas, foi compelida à teorização fundamentalmente naturalista e com fins pragmáticos. Este artigo talvez reduza a rarefação de documentos que, em língua portuguesa, historiografem a Geografia russa. __________________________________________________________________________________ RÉSUMÉThéories génuines qui, dans un accent holistique, se dédient à la dynamique et à l’arrangement paysager, sont apparues chez la pensée d’auteurs allemands. Mais ces théories avant recevoir (peu d’années après) le traitement, lequel instaurerait des épicentres français, sont saisies par l’optique soviétique. Il y a donc une version précédente de l’intuition anthropocentrique française. Cette version orientale c’est juste celle qui consolidera le concept de géosystème, en lui établissant en tant qu’outil spécialement opérationnel. Viktor Sochava, en effectuant ses études auprès de l’Institut de Géographie de Irkutsk (dans l’est sibérien), a produit des textes remarquables à propos – des publications que l’occident a eu accès grâce à la revue Soviet Geography (dans laquelle nous les avons trouvé). Cependant, à cause de la contingence d’un défaut bibliographique, la plupart des géographes brésiliens ne connaissent qu’un seul article de Sochava (d’ailleurs, une traduction très bienvenue de Carlos A. de F. Monteiro, parue en 1977). Nous détacherons la pensée de ce qui est un auteur de référence en ce qui concerne la théorie géosystémique; en mentionnant, ensuite, la pensée qui lui succède. Exemplifiée par le nom Beroutchachvili, la pensée héritière de Sochava nous autorise à parler d’une “école soviétique” des géosystèmes – celle qui, attelée aux circonstances géopolitiques, a été entraînée vers une théorisation dont la pierre angulaire et le but étaient, respectivement, naturaliste et pragmatique. Peut-être cet article-là pourra amenuiser la raréfaction des documents qui, en langue portugaise, historiographent la Géographie russe

Age-related macular degeneration: current treatments

PurposeAlthough important progress has been made in understanding age-related macular degeneration (AMD), management of the disease continues to be a challenge. AMD research has led to a widening of available treatment options and improved prognostic perspectives. This essay reviews these treatment options.DesignInterpretative essay.MethodsLiterature review and interpretation.ResultsCurrent treatments to preserve vision in patients with non-exudative AMD include antioxidant vitamins and mineral supplementations. Exudative AMD is currently most often treated monthly with anti-VEGF intravitreal injections. However, investigators are beginning to experiment with combination therapy and surgical approaches in an attempt to limit the number of treatment and reduce the financial burden on the health care system.ConclusionBy better understanding the basis and pathogenesis of AMD, newer therapies will continue to be developed that target specific pathways in patients with AMD, with the hoped for outcome of better management of the disease and improved visual acuity

Age-related macular degeneration: experimental and emerging treatments

Jean Pierre Hubschman, Shantan Reddy, Steven D SchwartzJules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USAPurpose: This essay reviews the experimental treatments and new imaging modalities that are currently being explored by investigators to help treat patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Design: Interpretative essay.Methods: Literature review and interpretation.Results: Experimental treatments to preserve vision in patients with exudative AMD include blocking vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), binding VEGF, and modulating the VEGF receptors. Investigators are also attempting to block signal transduction with receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Experimental treatments for non-exudative AMD include agents that target inflammation, oxidative stress, and implement immune-modulation. The effectiveness of these newer pharmacologic agents has the potential to grow exponentially when used in combination with new and improved imaging modalities that can help identify disease earlier and follow treatment response more precisely.Conclusion: With a better understanding, at the genetic and molecular level, of AMD and the development of superior imaging modalities, investigators are able to offer treatment options that may offer unprecedented visual gains while reducing the need for repetitive treatments.Keywords: age-related macular degeneration, VEGF, SiRNA, PED