Solving High-Dimensional PDEs with Latent Spectral Models

Deep models have achieved impressive progress in solving partial differential equations (PDEs). A burgeoning paradigm is learning neural operators to approximate the input-output mappings of PDEs. While previous deep models have explored the multiscale architectures and various operator designs, they are limited to learning the operators as a whole in the coordinate space. In real physical science problems, PDEs are complex coupled equations with numerical solvers relying on discretization into high-dimensional coordinate space, which cannot be precisely approximated by a single operator nor efficiently learned due to the curse of dimensionality. We present Latent Spectral Models (LSM) toward an efficient and precise solver for high-dimensional PDEs. Going beyond the coordinate space, LSM enables an attention-based hierarchical projection network to reduce the high-dimensional data into a compact latent space in linear time. Inspired by classical spectral methods in numerical analysis, we design a neural spectral block to solve PDEs in the latent space that approximates complex input-output mappings via learning multiple basis operators, enjoying nice theoretical guarantees for convergence and approximation. Experimentally, LSM achieves consistent state-of-the-art and yields a relative error reduction of 11.5% averaged on seven benchmarks covering both solid and fluid physics

Study of efficacy and antibody duration to fourth-dose booster of Ad5-nCoV or inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chinese adults: a prospective cohort study

IntroductionChina experienced a record surge of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in December 2022, during the pandemic.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, parallel-controlled prospective cohort study to evaluate efficacy and antibody duration after a fourth-dose booster with Ad5-nCoV or inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine.ResultsA total of 191 participants aged ≥18 years who had completed a three-dose regimen of the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine 6 months earlier were recruited to receive the intramuscular Ad5-nCoV booster or the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The Ad5-nCoV group had significantly higher antibody levels compared with the inactivated vaccine group at 6 months after the fourth vaccination dose. After the pandemic, the breakthrough infection rate for the Ad5-nCoV and the inactivated vaccine groups was 77.89% and 78.13%, respectively. Survival curve analysis (p = 0.872) and multivariable logistic regression analysis (p = 0.956) showed no statistically significant differences in breakthrough infection between the two groups.DiscussionCompared with a homologous fourth dose, a heterologous fourth dose of Ad5-nCoV elicited a higher immunogenic response in healthy adults who had been immunized with three doses of inactivated vaccine. Nevertheless, the efficacy of the two vaccine types was equivalent after the pandemic

Aqueous electrosynthesis of an electrochromic material based water-soluble EDOT-MeNH2 hydrochloride

2\u27-Aminomethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT-MeNH2) showed unsatisfactory results when its polymerization occurred in organic solvent in our previous report. Therefore, a water-soluble EDOT derivative was designed by using hydrochloric modified EDOT-MeNH2 (EDOT-MeNH2·HCl) and electropolymerized in aqueous solution to form the corresponding polymer with excellent electrochromic properties. Moreover, the polymer was systematically explored, including electrochemical, optical properties and structure characterization. Cyclic voltammetry showed low oxidation potential of EDOT-MeNH2·HCl (0.85 V) in aqueous solution, leading to the facile electrodeposition of uniform the polymer film with outstanding electroactivity. Compared with poly(2′-aminomethyl- 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-MeNH2), poly(2′-aminomethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene salt) (PEDOT-MeNH3 +A-) revealed higher efficiencies (156 cm2 C-1), lower bandgap (1.68 eV), and faster response time (1.4 s). Satisfactory results implied that salinization can not only change the polymerization system, but also adjust the optical absorption, thereby increase the electrochromic properties

Age-appropriate vaccination coverage and its determinants for the polio containing vaccine 1-3 and measles-containing vaccine doses in Zhejiang province, China: A community-based cross-sectional study

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the age-appropriate coverage and its associated risk factors for the primary vaccination of Polio containing vaccine (PCV) and measles-containing vaccine (MCV) through the secondary use of the 2018 Zhejiang provincial coverage survey among children aged 12–23 months. Methods: Data were collected through structured pre-tested Chinese version questionnaire by face-to-face interview among 770 mothers whose children aged 12–23 months. Age-appropriate vaccination coverage was measured using Chinese vaccination schedule recommendation. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were adopted to identify determinants of the age-inappropriate vaccination. Results: The age-appropriate vaccination coverage of PCV1, PCV2, PCV3, and MCV was 88.8%, 80.8%, 73.6%, and 75.7%, respectively. The risk factors associated with the age-inappropriate vaccination of PCV 1–3 dose and MCV included child’s gender, birthplace, living area, maternal education level, immigration status, monthly household income, participation of the pregnant women’s seminar, antenatal care follow-up, knowledge on vaccination. Conclusion: The proportions of age-appropriate vaccination coverage were low compared with the up-to-date coverage. Modifiable factors were associated with age-inappropriate vaccinations. Vaccination interventions should consider identified modifiable factors to improve age-appropriate vaccination coverage

The trends of socioeconomic inequities in full vaccination coverage among children aged 12–23 months from 2000 to 2017: evidence for mitigating disparities in vaccination service in Zhejiang province

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the trends and changes in inequities in the completeness of the primary vaccination (CPV) scheduled before the first year of age among children aged 12–23 months, from 2000 to 2017. Methods: Data were extracted from five rounds of the provincial vaccination coverage survey (PVCS) in 2000, 2004, 2008, 2014 and 2017, respectively. The household income per month was used as an index of socioeconomic status for the inequity analysis. The concentration index (CI) was used to quantify the degree of inequity, and the decomposition approach was applied to quantify the contributions from independent factors to inequity in the CPV. Results: The CPV was significantly improved from 2000 to 2017, with 67.0% for the 2000 PVCS and 86.0% for the 2017 PCVS. The CI value decreased from 0.29839 for the 2000 round to 0.03601 for the 2017 round. The decomposition analysis indicated that independent variables such as birth order, ethnic group, mother’s education, maternal employment status, residence, immigration status and the percentage of the total health spending allocated to public health could explain the inequity in the CPV in varying degrees. Conclusions: A sharp reduction in socioeconomic inequity in the CPV was observed from 2000 to 2017. Policy recommendations to reduce the inequality in the CPV should focus on children with the risk factors found in this study, for better outcome in full vaccination and long-lasting herd immunity

The association between the density of vaccination workers and immunization coverage in Zhejiang province, East China

Background: We aimed to evaluate whether the density of vaccination workers was associated with the immunization coverage in Zhejiang province. Methods: The immunization coverage of measles-containing vaccine (MCV), the third dose of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis combined vaccine (DTP3), and the third dose of poliomyelitis vaccine (PV3) was selected as the dependent variables. Immunization coverage data of children aged 13–23 months were taken from the Zhejiang immunization information system (ZJIIS). The aggregate density of vaccination workers was an independent variable in one set of regressions, while the full-time and part-time vaccination workers were adopted separately in other sets. Results: The density of total vaccination workers was positively and significantly associated with the immunization coverage (MCV: AOR = 3.36; DTP3: AOR = 2.68; PV3: AOR = 2.37). However, when the effects of full-time vaccination workers and part-time vaccination workers were assessed separately, we only found that the density of full-time vaccination workers was positively and significantly associated with the immunization coverage (MCV: AOR = 5.59; DTP3: AOR = 4.13; PV3: AOR = 3.28). The proportion of migrant children < 7 years and Land area were found as negative and significant factors for immunization coverage. Conclusions: A higher density of vaccination workers could improve the availability of vaccination services and immunization coverage. We recommended that government or other non-government organization should, apart from vaccine-related assistance, focus their efforts on human resources for vaccination

Can vaccination coverage be improved through reducing the missed opportunities for immunization? Results from the evaluation in Zhejiang province, east China

Background: To evaluate the missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) in Zhejiang province by using the global methodology from World Health Organization (WHO). Methods: Based on the WHO Planning Guide to Reduce Missed Opportunities for Vaccination (MOV) and Methodology for the Assessment of MOV, 33 health facilities from 11 cities in Zhejiang province were selected. For each health facility, exit investigations for 20 caregivers of children aged 0–23 months and knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys for 10 health workers was implemented. A MOV was determined based on the child’s age on the date of investigation, eligibility for various vaccines. The prevalence of MOV was calculated and the risk factors of MOV were explored. Results: There were 660 completed exit investigations of caregivers of children aged 0–23 months and 330 health worker KAP investigations. Of the 658 children with documented vaccination records, 12.6% were still under-vaccinated. Among these under-vaccinated children, 54.2% still had a MOV. Children’s age and their previous vaccination behavior, as well as caregivers’ relationship to children and education level had a significant impact on the incidence of MOV. Conclusion: The high proportions of visits with MOV in Zhejiang province suggested that interventions to reduce MOV in health service settings may be a potential quick win for improving coverage and equity. National immunization programs should explore the tailored efforts to improve health worker practices by making better use of existing health service contacts

Analysis of the adverse events following immunization with inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine from 2018 to 2020 in Zhejiang province, with a comparison to trivalent influenza vaccine

Objectives To summarize reports to the national adverse event following immunization surveillance system (NAEFISS) following inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) in Zhejiang province from 2018 to 2020. Methods We analyzed adverse events following immunization (AEFI) reports following QIV, with a comparison, with the AEFI reports following inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV). Reporting rates of AEFI were calculated by age, severity of AEFI, categories of AEFI, and reaction categories. The data mining algorithm used in this study was reporting odds ratio (ROR). A value of ROR‑1.96SE >1 (standard error [SE]) was considered as positive signal. These reporting rates between vaccine types were compared through chi-square tests. Results NAEFISS received 514 AEFI reports following QIV and 536 reports following TIV, with a reporting rate of 13.66/100,000 100,000 doses/100,000 doses (χ2 = 7.11, P> .05). Of the 514 reports following QIV, 410 were vaccine product-related reactions and 51 were severe AEFI. Fever/redness/induration was the most frequent clinical diagnosis of the QIV AEFI, with a reporting rate of 12.42/100,000 doses in the age group of 3–17 years, and 12.44/100,000 doses in the age group of ≥18 years. The positive signal of QIV AEFI was observed for the allergic rash and asthma/wheezing. Conclusion The present analysis did not identify any new/unexpected safety concerns. We suggested that NAEFISS continue to monitor the safety of QIV