Stimulating situational interest and student questioning through three types of historical introductory texts

This study investigates questions students ask related to an introductory text about a new topic in the history classroom. The effects of a narrative, problematizing, and expository introductory text on the situational interest of students and the number and type of student-generated questions, are compared. Participants are 174 students in higher secondary education (16 years old). Student-generated questions are categorized in higher -and lower-order questions, in descriptive, explanative, comparative and evaluative questions, and in emotive and non-emotive questions. The type of introductory text had a significant effect on the level of situational interest and type of questions but not on the number of generated questions. Narrative and problematizing texts provoked more situational interest and more emotive questions than the expository text. We found a significant positive correlation between prior topic knowledge, interest in History, situational interest, and number of questions

A Virtual ‘experiential expert’ communities of practice in sharing evidence based prevention of novel psychoactive substance (NPS) use: The Portuguese experience

We present findings from a unique virtual community of practice piloted to support a programme of prevention evidence and knowledge sharing among professional prevention practitioners as ‘experiential experts’ around tackling novel psychoactive substances (NPS) use in Portugal. A mixed-methods approach that combined quantitative analysis of interactions and qualitative content analysis of debates about NPS, NPS users, patterns of use and best practices in prevention of this type of drug use was conducted. Results show low and irregular interactions between members of this virtual community, but very rich discussions around sharing of experiences and problematizing practices. We discuss the layers of interaction between members, and the shared learning around policy and practice implications. Such virtual and collaborative work practices are not yet integrated within the drug prevention field where instead individualistic approaches tend to prevail and preclude the sharing of alternative solutions that shape different experiences. Our virtual community of NPS prevention experts provides a flagship for ongoing collaboration between research, generation of evidence informing policy and practice, professional training, support and shared learning. It underscores the need for an innovative and multi-disciplinary approach to sharing perspectives in tackling emerging and harmful drug trends.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Exploring Irish Travellers’ experiences of Opioid Substitute Treatment: A Phenomenological Study

The Irish Travelling community are identified “as a people with shared history, culture and traditions including, historically, a nomadic way of life”. The core of Travelling culture is strong family bonds which support resilience, however changing social circumstances and dislocation have contributed to significant mental and physical health issues accompanied by a steep rise in substance abuse and addiction. Aim: To explore and describe Irish Travellers’ experiences of drug use and opioid agonist treatment (OAT), with a view to improving service delivery and expanding the limited research base. Methods: A phenomenological approach using semi-structured interviews was conducted with seven opioid dependent Irish Travellers (two females/five males) currently on OAT at an outpatient clinic in Dublin, Ireland. Results: All participants described the complexities arising from drug use, with significant life events often accompanied by depression and drug use (street, prescribed and over the counter) as a means of self-medication. Barriers to accessing treatment included shame and stigma, fears around being shunned by the community, and a negative attitude towards OAT. All participants and particularly women reported that stigma related physical violence came from community elders if suspected of drug use or association with drug users. Despite initial strong reservations about OAT, experiences were largely positive with acceptance by and support from staff viewed as instrumental. Conclusions: The development of culturally appropriate, gender sensitive and integrated OAT and mental health support services, designed with input from addiction and mental health specialists, alongside community members is warranted

The Dynamic Landscape of Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) Use in Ireland: Results from an Expert Consultation

In Ireland, legislators encountered a new phenomenon in 2005 onwards with the advent of ‘legal highs’ sold in headshops. Use of ‘legal highs’ containing herbal and synthetic new psychoactive substances (NPS) was not confined to problematic drug users, and included social recreational users. Legislative controls were enacted in 2010, 2011 and 2015. The study aimed to investigate expert perspectives on the NPS situation with regard to changing and emergent trends in use, health and social consequences and service implications. This brief report presents descriptive findings from a national consultation using a structured guide with experts in 2016. Four themes emerged and centred on; ‘Definitions of NPS used within Professional Roles’; ‘Professional Experiences of NPS‘; ‘Types of NPS Users, Sourcing and Consequences of Use’; and ‘Service Response.’ Findings underscored the mental health and addiction related consequences of NPS use, with prevention, clinical and treatment services ill- equipped to deal with the particular characteristics of this form of drug abuse. Enhanced strategies, services and clinical responses are warranted to address the challenges encountered. © 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New Yor

General Practitioner perspectives on and attitudes toward the Methadone Treatment Programme in Ireland

Background: Methadone maintenance treatment in Ireland is provided in addiction clinics, and in primary community care settings by Level 1 and 2 specialist trained general practitioners (GPs). The Irish College of General Practitioners (ICGP) provides training and regulates the Methadone Treatment Programme (MTP). Aim: The study aimed to assess and compare GP perceptions of the scale of local illicit drug use, attitudes toward and obstacles in the provision of methadone treatment and preferred adjunct modalities. Methods: In 2006 and 2015, an online survey was undertaken with all Level 1 and 2 registered GPs in the MTP. Results: The majority of participants were male, aged between 35 and 60 years, treated between 1 and 25 patients in urban areas. In 2015, 44.7% with registered methadone patients reported no obstacles to taking on more (32% in 2006). In relation to GPs with no current methadone patients, reasons for not taking patients in 2015 were similar to 2006, and centred on no referrals or demand, and concern for negative affect on private patients. Majority attitudes toward the MTP remained positive, with one exception relating to greater disagreement in 2015 with the statement that supervised daily dispensing prevents patients from working (p < .05). Preferred adjunct services remained constant; addiction counselling, in-patient detoxification, employment schemes and consultant psychiatric services. Conclusions: The study illustrates a generally positive attitude toward the Irish MTP. Efficient referral mechanisms for stabilised patients to primary care settings, and greater psycho-social, vocational and detoxification supports are warranted

Irish General Practitioner (GP) Perspectives Toward Decriminalisation, Legalisation and Cannabis for Therapeutic Purposes (CTP)

Cannabis is the most prevalent illicit drug used globally. Regulatory debate in Ireland on the decriminalisation of cannabis and legalisation for therapeutic purposes (CTP) is on-going. The study aimed to investigate Irish general practitioner (GP) attitudes toward decriminalisation of cannabis and assess levels of support for CTP. An online survey was administered to all GPs in the Irish College of General Practitioner (ICGP) database. A content analysis was conducted on open-ended survey questions, with five themes emerging. GPs were concerned around early onset of use and intergenerational impacts, vulnerabilities to drug induced psychosis, patient self-medication with cannabis and potential for misuse of prescribed cannabis. The study reflects concerns around the mental health consequences of cannabis use and potential for misuse in the event of legalisation, and the need for product regulation and an enhanced evidence base to support treatment decision making. Further research and medical education is warranted. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York

Examining productivity losses associated with health related quality of life using patient and general population data

The work described in this report was commissioned by the Department of Health to inform its work on Value-Based-Pricing (VBP), which is due to replace the current Pharmaceutical Pricing Regulation Scheme (PPS) in January 2014 for pricing medicines in the UK. VBP will include additional payments to interventions that are deemed to provide benefit that is of greater social value instead of the current narrow focus on outcomes relevant to the NHS and Personal Social Services (PSS). This requires taking into account wider societal benefits of medicines beyond the health of the patient including productivity. The objective of the analyses was to provide a model to predict productivity losses associated with paid work that were representative of all patients that are likely to be seen in the NHS