History and prospect of Muslims in Central America

The birth of Islam over fourteen centuries ago was a monumental event in human history with an everlasting effect on humanity. For centuries researchers contemplated on the growth and distribution of Muslims throughout the World. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a reliable estimate of the Muslim population in Central America since the inception of Islam at the start of the 7th century to the start of the 24th century. The considered region consists of eight countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama. A centennial data estimate for these countries from 600 to 2300 (approximately 1H to 1700H) of the total population, and corresponding Muslim population and its percentage is provided. Furthermore, the same data in decennial order from 1790 to 2100 (or 1210H to 1520H) are provided for each country. These data are summarized to be a reference for other studies and discussions related to the Muslim population

History and prospect of Muslims in Central America

The birth of Islam over fourteen centuries ago was a monumental event in human history with an everlasting effect on humanity. For centuries researchers contemplated on the growth and distribution of Muslims throughout the World. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a reliable estimate of the Muslim population in Central America since the inception of Islam at the start of the 7th century to the start of the 24th century. The considered region consists of eight countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama. A centennial data estimate for these countries from 600 to 2300 (approximately 1H to 1700H) of the total population, and corresponding Muslim population and its percentage is provided. Furthermore, the same data in decennial order from 1790 to 2100 (or 1210H to 1520H) are provided for each country. These data are summarized to be a reference for other studies and discussions related to the Muslim population

Collaborative Spectrum Sensing from Sparse Observations Using Matrix Completion for Cognitive Radio Networks

In cognitive radio, spectrum sensing is a key component to detect spectrum holes (i.e., channels not used by any primary users). Collaborative spectrum sensing among the cognitive radio nodes is expected to improve the ability of checking complete spectrum usage states. Unfortunately, due to power limitation and channel fading, available channel sensing information is far from being sufficient to tell the unoccupied channels directly. Aiming at breaking this bottleneck, we apply recent matrix completion techniques to greatly reduce the sensing information needed. We formulate the collaborative sensing problem as a matrix completion subproblem and a joint-sparsity reconstruction subproblem. Results of numerical simulations that validated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach are presented. In particular, in noiseless cases, when number of primary user is small, exact detection was obtained with no more than 8% of the complete sensing information, whilst as number of primary user increases, to achieve a detection rate of 95.55%, the required information percentage was merely 16.8%

An Inventory of Existing Neuroprivacy Controls

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) facilitate communication between brains and computers. As these devices become increasingly popular outside of the medical context, research interest in brain privacy risks and countermeasures has bloomed. Several neuroprivacy threats have been identified in the literature, including brain malware, personal data being contained in collected brainwaves and the inadequacy of legal regimes with regards to neural data protection. Dozens of controls have been proposed or implemented for protecting neuroprivacy, although it has not been immediately apparent what the landscape of neuroprivacy controls consists of. This paper inventories the implemented and proposed neuroprivacy risk mitigation techniques from open source repositories, BCI providers and the academic literature. These controls are mapped to the Hoepman privacy strategies and their implementation status is described. Several research directions for ensuring the protection of neuroprivacy are identified

Economic Comparison of Drilling Systems in Sublevel Stoping Method

Drilling constitutes an important part of the production process in sublevel stoping method and up to 50% of the total costs can be attributed to this element. With the advent of recently developed sophisticated and expensive drilling machines, sublevel stoping has gained renewed advantage over other similar methods. The use of these machines, however, substantially increases the capital cost of the whole operation and hence choosing the optimum drilling system can produce significant savings in costs. In this paper, drilling patterns have been designed for various conditions of the physical characteristics and geometrical conditions of an ore body. Total costs of some 150 different patterns have been compiled. Based on these empirical data, a practical model has been devised that determines drilling costs in all different feasible situations in sublevel stoping. The model shows that parallel drilling is the most efficient alternative in all workable conditions. As well the break-even orebody thickness in ring drilling between one or two production drifts in sublevels is, in most cases, about 30 meters. The prescribed drilling methods in different circumstances and the model introduced, can serve as useful tools to the mining design engineer in choosing the most economical drilling system when designing a stope

PERIODONTAL STATUS AND TREATMENT NEEDS AMONG THE PALESTINIAN REFUGEES LIVING IN THE UNITED NATIONS CAMPS IN JORDAN

A periodontal health survey, using the WHO criteria 1997, was conducted among 585 Palestinian refugees living in the United Nations Camps in Jordan. The sample consists of 363 females and 222 males aged 5-54 years. The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence and the severity of periodontal disease and treatment needs among this population and to correlate the periodontal status with age and gender. By using WHO periodontal probes, the community periodontal index (CPI), the treatment needs (TN) and loss of attachment (LA) were measured for each subject. The number of permanent loss was also recorded. Females were found to have worse periodontal conditions than males. Also, a significant age difference was present. All subjects of the present population had experienced periodontal disease, where 34$ and 43% had a shallow pocket of 4-5 mm and deep pocket of 6 mm or more respectively. The results of this study have shown that 5.48 of sextant per subject in this population were with bleeding or higher, 4.8 with calculus or higher, 2.48 with shallow pockets or higher and 0.88 with deep pocket. This study demonstrated that the loss of attachment increased significantly with increasing age and 2% of this population had normal level of periodontal attachment, with the rest of them (58%) had different amounts of attachment loss. Almost all subjects of this population needed oral hygiene instructions, scaling and/or removal of overhangs and 43% of them needed complex periodontal treatment. The mean number of loss of permanent teeth was among this population with significant age and gender differences. Our data indicated that high prevalence and severity of periodontal disease were observed in this population require programs both for prevention and treatment

Provision of a Mathematical Model for Economic Comparison of Production Drilling Methods in Sublevel Stoping

Sublevel stoping is an underground mining method which has a low level of production cost. As well main part of the production cost is related to choosing of the drilling method in each stope. The main objective of this paper is to generate a model for identification of the best drilling choice in each case. In order to developing a mathematical model, 150 stopes has been designed by hypothesized dimensions and drilling patterns. In each case production cost was calculated based on extracted ore unite. The out puts come from through calculation of the hypothesized designing on account of different thicknesses of the ore body and heights of the production blocks. A mathematical model has been developed through non-linear regression technique on the basis of the out puts. The generated model is able to define dissimilar production cost per extracted ore unit based on each production drilling method. Therefore the best choice is the drilling method which has the lowest rate of dissimilar production cost. Verification of the model has been carried out on some random data. Accordingly the result of verification has been acceptable by reason of a suitable adaptation ratio

A novel edge detection method based on efficient gaussian binomial filter

Most basic and recent image edge detection methods are based on exploiting spatial high-frequency to localize efficiency the boundaries and image discontinuities. These approaches are strictly sensitive to noise, and their performance decrease with the increasing noise level. This research suggests a novel and robust approach based on a binomial Gaussian filter for edge detection. We propose a scheme-based Gaussian filter that employs low-pass filters to reduce noise and gradient image differentiation to perform edge recovering. The results presented illustrate that the proposed approach outperforms the basic method for edge detection. The global scheme may be implemented efficiently with high speed using the proposed novel binomial Gaussian filter