Le slogan de campagne entre effet de style et argumentation : les législatives ivoiriennes de 2016

À partir d’un corpus tiré des législatives ivoiriennes de 2016, cette étude explore la pratique du slogan en tant que modalité générique du discours électoral. D’un point de vue stylistique et rhétorique, elle examine la forme phonétique et rythmique des slogans liée à une praxis de configuration du sens qui est celle du discours symbolique iconique. Simultanément, elle lie ces aspects à l’argumentation dans le discours des slogans de campagne électorale en contexte ouest-africain, en tenant compte aussi bien de leur « visée » que de leur « dimension » argumentative (Amossy). Cette démarche se réalise à travers deux grandes étapes : analyse des aspects stylistiques des slogans (formes et figuralité, variantes diastratiques et diatopiques) ; étude de leurs stratégies argumentatives et de leur dimension éthotique, le tout conduisant à la formulation de réserves sur certaines occurrences contre-productives. Les slogans pris pour objet sont constamment rapportés à leur soubassement ethnoculturel à travers la notion d’« imaginaire » linguistique, ce qui permet de corréler le rhétorique avec la culture ivoirienne, tout en explorant sa dimension sociopolitique.Drawing on a body of campaign slogans form the 2016 legislative elections in 2016, this study examines the practice of a genre of electoral discourse. In a stylistic and rhetoric perspective, it explores the slogan’s phonetic and rhythmic patterns in their relation to the praxis of meaning configuration characteristic of iconic symbolic discourse. These aspects are connected to the argumentation deployed in the discourse of the electoral slogans in a West-African context. In so doing, the paper examines both their argumentative aim and their argumentative dimension (Amossy). This approach is carried out in two main steps: an analysis of the stylistic aspects of the slogans (forms and figures, diastratic and diatopical variants); and an analysis of argumentative strategies and ethos construction, both eventually raising some reservations concerning a few instances that seem counterproductive. The analyzed slogans are systematically linked to their ethnic and cultural background through the notion of “linguistic imaginary”, thus connecting the rhetorical component and the Ivory Coast culture and exploring the socio-political dimension of the campaign slogan

Le processus de construction d’une GPEC-Territoriale : réflexion à partir de dispositifs de GPEC-Territoriale pilotée par la Chambre de métiers et de l’artisanat de Loir-et-Cher

Nowadays HRP is built increasingly on a territorial scale. Institutional actors from different backgrounds and varying size businesses work together to put in place actions that address issues related to employment, training, and skills. These approaches are sometimes in "hot", sometimes in "cold" depending on the circumstances, territories and stakeholders. The extension of the building of the HRP across a territory can be justified by taking into account several factors: internal or external to enterprises, policies, situational, socio-economic, etc. Thus through converging wills, multiple actors aspire to lift the limits and shortcomings related to HRP by using a HRP-Territorial. This new construction approach and analysis of HRP nevertheless raises several questions. Among the many questions we reflected about five of them: how do actors work together? What diagnosis allows to unite stakeholders around HRP-Territorial? How is this HRP-Territorial built in terms of phasing? How do actors agree on the construction and content of the actions of HRP-Territorial? How to mobilize actors in such collective approaches? These questions are taken from the main issue of our research: What is the process of building a HRP-Territorial involving institutional actors and businesses? We discussed and debated these issues on the basis of empirical data collected in two cases: HRP-Territorial in the Community of communes of Cher à la Loire and the HRP-Territorial in the timber Industry in Loir-et-Cher. Those data are collected by observation, qualitative interview, quantitative studies and documentaries. Theory of interaction, actor network theory, rational choice theory and mobilization theory served as our analytical framework. At the intersection of these approaches and these analyzes, it appears that the HRP-Territorial be built from a few necessities : the ability of the pilot to work together several actors, establishing a prior and shared diagnosis that rely on problem and challenges for companies and territory, mobilization of actors through selective incentives and analysis of priority categories of actors. Furthermore, it appears that the contents of the HRP-Territorial is continuously translated and obtained by relative consensus. Finally, and despite the particular case of each situation, a modeling phase of this construction is possible.La GPEC se construit de plus en plus à l’échelle territoriale. Des acteurs institutionnels d’horizons divers et des entreprises de taille variable réfléchissent et travaillent ensemble pour mettre en place des actions qui répondent aux problématiques liées à l’emploi, à la formation, et aux compétences. Ces démarches se font tantôt à « chaud », tantôt à « froid » selon les circonstances, les territoires et les acteurs. L’extension de l’échelle de construction de la GPEC de l’entreprise au territoire peut se justifier par la prise en compte de plusieurs facteurs : internes ou externes aux entreprises, politiques, conjecturaux, socio-économiques, etc. Ainsi à travers des volontés convergentes, de multiples acteurs ambitionnent de lever les limites et insuffisances consubstantielles à la GPEC d’entreprise en recourant à une GPEC-Territoriale. Cette nouvelle approche de construction et d’analyse de la GPEC pose néanmoins des interrogations. Parmi celles-ci, nous avons réfléchi, à cinq questions : comment faire travailler ensemble les acteurs ? Quel diagnostic permet de fédérer les acteurs autour de la GPEC-Territoriale ? Comment se construit cette GPEC-Territoriale en termes de phasage ? Comment les acteurs se mettent-ils d’accord sur la construction et le contenu des actions de la GPEC-Territoriale ? Comment mobiliser les acteurs dans de telles démarches collectives ? Ces questions sont issues de la question principale de notre recherche : quel est le processus de construction d’une GPEC-Territoriale impliquant des acteurs institutionnels et des entreprises ? Nous avons abordé et discuté ces questions sur la base de données empiriques collectées dans deux cas : la GPEC-Territoriale dans la Communauté de communes du Cher à la Loire et la GPEC-Territoriale dans la filière Bois dans le département du Loir-et-Cher. Ces données sont collectées à partir d’observations, d’entretiens qualitatifs, d’études quantitatives et documentaires. Les théories de l’interaction, de la traduction, du choix rationnel et de la mobilisation nous ont servi de grille d’analyse. Au croisement de ces approches et de ces analyses, il en est ressorti que la GPEC-Territoriale se construit à partir de quelques nécessités : capacité du pilote à faire travailler ensemble plusieurs acteurs, établissement d’un diagnostic préalable et partagé se basant sur les problématiques et enjeux des entreprises et des territoires, mobilisation des acteurs à travers des incitations sélectives et l’analyse des catégories de priorités des acteurs. En outre, il est apparu que le contenu de la GPEC-Territoriale est continûment traduit et s’obtient sous un consensus relatif. Enfin et malgré l’aspect sui generis de chaque cas, une modélisation, en phases, de sa construction est possible

Paola Paissa et RuggeroDruetta (dir.). 2019. La Répétition en discours (Louvain-la-Neuve : Academia ; L'Harmattan, Collection « Au cœur des textes »)

Les études linguistiques et textuelles sur la répétition se sont enrichies d’un volume important avec la publication de La répétition en discours sous la direction conjointe de Paola Paissa et Ruggero Druetta. Le présent compte rendu vise à mettre en évidence les contributions fondamentales de cette parution dans l’histoire des études liées au phénomène observé par les quatorze contributions qui y sont présentes. L’ouvrage s’ouvre avec une introduction signée des directeurs qui commencent par..

Les fonctions argumentatives des récits de vie : un exemple de construction ethotique chez Laurent Gbagbo

Cette contribution vise à systématiser les récits de vie comme étant des constructions porteuses d’arguments ethotiques, c'est-à-dire contribuant à présenter une image du locuteur qui soit méliorative et participe à l’adhésion de son auditoire aux thèses qu’il présente. Montrer les modalités du fonctionnement argumentatif du genre autobiographique revient, dans un tel contexte de valorisation de soi, à interroger le genre narratif et son potentiel didactique, voire manipulateur, de même que la structure narrative des récits de vie. Les marqueurs doxiques participant de la construction du consensus à travers les récits de vie, donc des valeurs communes à l’auditoire, conduisent à poser la dissymétrie du miroir épidictique comme révélateur de schèmes ethotiques où l’autre est narré en même temps que soi, mais adulé dans l’espoir de l’être encore davantage par le pôle co-énonciatif. Celui-ci, en effet, est l’objet de l’entreprise de l’argumentation et de la persuasion construite par un déploiement narratif configurant à la fois des identités idéologiques telles que le locuteur-narrateur les revendique et les catégorisations axiologiques mises en œuvre dans la matérialité narrativo-discursive. Le support choisi est un discours de Laurent Gbagbo, Président de la Côte d'Ivoire de 2000 à 2011, prononcé lors de la cérémonie d’investiture de la mutuelle « Gotiwa » le 12 septembre 2009. En tant que discours d’investiture, les clauses d’expression du pouvoir et de sa transmission y sont consubstantielles à l’effet de légitimation souhaité par le sujet locutif.This contribution intends to systematise life narratives as constructions bearing ethotic arguments, i.e. as constructions presenting a meliorative image of the speaker which reinforces the support of his audience to his theses. In such a context, to show the modes of the argumentative process in the autobiographic genre amounts to inquiring into the narrative genre and into its didactic potentialities as well as into the narrative structure of life narratives. Social markers, i.e. the set of values shared by the audience, which contribute to build up a consensus through life narratives, point to the dissymmetry of an epidictic mirror which discloses the ethotic patterns whereby self and other are narrated at the same time. However, the adulation of the other by the speaker is done with the expectation that the speaker will be even more adulated by this other, his interlocutive pole. The latter is indeed the object of an argumentative and a persuasive endeavour developed through a narrative process which configures both ideological identities, as claimed by the speaker-narrator, and axiological categories materialized in narrative-discursive terms. Our case study is former President of Côte d'Ivoire Laurent Gbagbo's inaugural address of the "Gotiwa" association on September 12th 2009. In this inaugural address, the clauses expressing power and the handover of power are intrinsic to the legitimation effect aimed by the speaker

Effect of Substitution of Cement by Mineral Powders on the Physicomechanical Properties and Microstructure of Sand Concretes

The approach that contributes to the development of eco-materials in construction is the use of mineral powders, which can improve mechanical properties and reduce cement consumption. This article aims to study the effect of substitution by mass of cement with mineral powders on the physicomechanical properties and microstructure of sand concretes. The used mineral powders are A: the limestone, B: the natural pozzolan, C: the hydraulic lime, D: (1/3 limestone + 1/3 natural pozzolan + 1/3 hydraulic lime), and E: (1/2 natural pozzolan + 1/2 hydraulic lime). The studied percentages are 5%, 10% and 15%, in both separated and combined states. The studied properties are workability, compressive strength, the elasticity modulus in compression, shrinkage and microstructure analysis. The objective is to target the optimal percentage of the substitution of cement with mineral powders, which ensures the best compromise between the main properties of the studied sand concretes. The obtained results show that the optimal percentage is in favor of the substitution of cement by 10% D (1/3 limestone, 1/3 natural pozzolan and 1/3 hydraulic lime). Even the 15% of mineral powder D, presented similar performances compared to the sand concrete (without mineral powders). Finally, in the context of the development of eco-materials, it should be noted that the 10% D and 15% D (1/3 limestone, 1/3 natural pozzolan and 1/3 hydraulic lime) contribute to decrease the use of cement and consequently to reduce of CO2 emissions

Hemicryptophytes plant species as indicator of grassland state in semi-arid region: Case study of W Biosphere Reserve and its surroundings area in Benin (West Africa)

In semi-arid region managers are facing rapid degradation of grassland. There is a need to determine indicators to be used to detect early change occurring in the grassland for their sustainable management. Thereof, in this study, we explored the reliability of the use of hemicryptophytes as indicator of grassland state in semi-arid region within W Biosphere Reserve and surrounding areas (Benin). Plots of 10 m X 10 m were installed along a land use gradient (from communal lands to the protected area via the buffer zone) in three vegetation types for plant biomass harvesting and hemicryptophytes traits measurement. The hemicryptophyte density, biovolume, tussock size, contact frequency, contribution to total plant biomass and grassland grazing value were assessed and compared between land uses. Findings showed that hemicryptopyte traits were significantly different with the land use type. Hemicryptophyte biovolume and hemicryptophyte contribution were strongly correlated, respectively, with total biomass production and grazing value. The study highlights the relevance of hemicryptophyte as indicators of grassland state that could be used by grassland managers for grassland monitoring, restoration and sustainable use.Keywords: Grassland monitoring, hemicryptophyte traits, indicators, land us

Characteristics of agricultural entrepreneurs and their agribusinesses in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Benin

Entrepreneurship in the sub-Saharan African agricultural sector has been growing in recent years because of increasing unemployment and underemployment. In Benin, policies and programs are encouraging individuals to start their own agribusinesses. To further sharpen these policies and programs to improve agricultural entrepreneurship's contribution to the economy, it is essential to avail information on the entrepreneurs, their businesses, and the typologies of agribusinesses. Such information is limited, which reduces the ability to develop evidence-informed policies and programs. This research aims to fill the gaps by describing the features of agricultural entrepreneurs in Benin. A random sample of 819 agricultural entrepreneurs was used, and data were collected on entrepreneurs and their businesses. Descriptive analysis and hierarchical clustering of principal components were performed. The study found that women’s participation in agricultural entrepreneurship in terms of new business formation is still low. Also, the agricultural entrepreneurs are more driven by necessity than opportunity, although they have a highly positive personality, mainly in terms of optimism and risk. At the enterprise level, most agribusinesses have been in operation for more than three years, but only one out of ten entrepreneurs felt that their business was at a mature phase. The research also evidenced that informality in the agribusiness sector is high because almost half of the agribusinesses were not registered with any formal governmental entity, and only three out of ten complied with tax regulations. Agricultural entrepreneurs were active in knowledge networks to expand their activities and improve their performance. Three categories of agribusiness were defined with the cluster analysis: ‘informal agribusinesses’ essentially built for profit, not registered, and owned by not highly educated adult entrepreneurs; ‘professional new agribusinesses’ were mainly operated by young entrepreneurs with a university education and agricultural professional training; and ‘mature agribusinesses’ were mostly formally registered and owned by highly educated entrepreneurs. This research will be instrumental for policymakers and practitioners to better understand agricultural entrepreneurship and improve its economic outcomes. It provides a strong evidence base to support the ongoing motivation of policymakers to provide solutions to unemployment and underemployment through agricultural entrepreneurship