Susceptibility of juvenile salmonids to avian predation : Are Caspian terns and double-crested cormorants only taking the sick and injured?

The ability to non-destructively assess fish condition and subsequently track fish behavior and survival can be vital in understanding natural and anthropogenic stressors and sources of mortality, especially in populations of fish listed as threatened or endangered. I investigated the use of a quick, non-lethal, external examination technique to assess general health status of run-of-the-river juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) migrating from the Snake River basin. The relationship between external symptoms of captured fish (including body injuries, de-scaling, external symptoms of disease, fin damage, and ectoparasite infestations) and their health status was investigated through pathology analysis of a euthanized subsample of fish. I assessed the relative fitness of steelhead smolts assigned to various categories of health status by measuring the subsequent survival and susceptibility to avian predation of fish that were tagged with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and released unharmed. Histological analysis was conducted on 222 steelhead sacrificed at the juvenile collection facility of Lower Monumental Dam (LMN) on the lower Snake River during steelhead out-migration in 2008; results indicated that external symptoms of disease, body injuries, de-scaling, and fin damage were all associated with increased prevalence of infectious pathogens. Capture-recapture models for 14,177 steelhead PIT-tagged and released at LMN in 2007 and 2008 indicated that the presence of external symptoms of disease, body injuries, or de-scaling, but not fin damage, were associated with significantly reduced survival probabilities during either short-distance (ca. 119 Rkm) or long-distance (ca. 354 Rkm) migration. PIT tags from 3.0% and 1.9% of all released steelhead (n = 16,258) were recovered on a Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) colony and a double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) colony, respectively, located < 79 Rkm downstream of release locations. A consistent factor relating susceptibility of steelhead to predation by both bird species was compromised health, particularly steelhead with external symptoms of disease and body injuries. River conditions, including decreased discharge and elevated water temperatures at the time of release, were also associated with increased susceptibility of steelhead to avian predation, but the strength of these explanatory factors differed between species of avian predator. These results support the conclusion that external condition, measured non-destructively on individual fish, is associated with quantifiable differences in general health status and fitness of fish. Results also indicate that some reduction in avian predation on juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) may be accomplished by modifying hydrosystem operations. The higher susceptibility of unhealthy steelhead to avian predation suggests that a portion of any reduction in mortality due to avian predation will be compensated for by other sources of smolt mortality. The portion of juvenile steelhead that are at greater risk of avian predation is small, however, based on the small proportion of steelhead that exhibited visible symptoms of compromised health

Susceptibility of Juvenile Steelhead to Avian Predation: the Influence of Individual Fish Characteristics and River Conditions

Identification of the factors that influence susceptibility to predation can aid in developing management strategies to recover fish populations of conservation concern. Predator-prey relationships can be influenced by numerous factors, including prey condition, prey size, and environmental conditions. We investigated these factors by using juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from the Snake River (Pacific Northwest, USA), a distinct population segment that is listed as threatened under the U. S. Endangered Species Act. During 2007-2009, steelhead smolts (n = 25,909) were captured, examined for external condition characteristics (e. g., body injuries, descaling, external signs of disease, fin damage, and ectoparasite infestations), marked with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, and released to continue their out-migration. Recoveries of PIT tags on a downstream colony of Caspian terns Hydroprogne caspia (n = 913 tags) indicated that steelhead susceptibility to Caspian tern predation increased significantly with decreases in steelhead external condition, decreased water discharge, and decreased water clarity. Susceptibility to Caspian tern predation also increased with increasing steelhead fork length up to 202 mm but then decreased for longer steelhead. Recoveries of PIT tags on a downstream colony of double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus (n = 493 tags) indicated that steelhead susceptibility to double-crested cormorant predation increased significantly with declining external condition of steelhead, and that steelhead of hatchery origin were more susceptible than their wild counterparts. Results indicate that steelhead susceptibility to avian predation is dependent on fish condition and length and is influenced by river conditions and rearing environment.Keywords: Snake River, Avoidance behavior, Relative vulnerability, Double crested cormorants, Foraging patterns, Chinook salmon, Passive integrated transponders, Caspian terns, Lower Columbia River, Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytsch

Quantifying Avian Predation on Fish Populations: Integrating Predator-Specific Deposition Probabilities in Tag Recovery Studies

Accurate assessment of specific mortality factors is vital to prioritize recovery actions for threatened and endangered species. For decades, tag recovery methods have been used to estimate fish mortality due to avian predation. Predation probabilities derived from fish tag recoveries on piscivorous waterbird colonies typically reflect minimum estimates of predation due to an unknown and unaccounted-for fraction of tags that are consumed but not deposited on-colony (i.e., deposition probability). We applied an integrated tag recovery modeling approach in a Bayesian context to estimate predation probabilities that accounted for predator-specific tag detection and deposition probabilities in a multiple-predator system. Studies of PIT tag deposition were conducted across three bird species nesting at seven different colonies in the Columbia River basin, USA. Tag deposition probabilities differed significantly among predator species (Caspian terns Hydroprogne caspia: deposition probability = 0.71, 95% credible interval [CRI] = 0.51–0.89; double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus: 0.51, 95% CRI = 0.34–0.70; California gulls Larus californicus: 0.15, 95% CRI = 0.11–0.21) but showed little variation across trials within a species or across years. Data from a 6-year study (2008–2013) of PIT-tagged juvenile Snake River steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act) indicated that colony-specific predation probabilities ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.17 and varied by predator species, colony location, and year. Integrating the predator-specific deposition probabilities increased the predation probabilities by a factor of approximately 1.4 for Caspian terns, 2.0 for double-crested cormorants, and 6.7 for California gulls compared with traditional minimum predation rate methods, which do not account for deposition probabilities. Results supported previous findings on the high predation impacts from strictly piscivorous waterbirds nesting in the Columbia River estuary (i.e., terns and cormorants), but our findings also revealed greater impacts of a generalist predator species (i.e., California gulls) than were previously documented. Approaches used in this study allow for direct comparisons among multiple fish mortality factors and considerably improve the reliability of tag recovery models for estimating predation probabilities in multiple-predator systems

Systemwide Evaluation of Avian Predation on Juvenile Salmonids from the Columbia River Based on Recoveries of Passive Integrated Transponder Tags

We recovered passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags from nine piscivorous waterbird colonies in the Columbia River basin to evaluate avian predation on Endangered Species Act (ESA)-listed salmonid Oncorhynchus spp. populations during 2007–2010. Avian predation rates were calculated based on the percentage of PIT-tagged juvenile salmonids that were detected as passing hydroelectric dams and subsequently were consumed and deposited by birds on their nesting colonies. Caspian terns Hydroprogne caspia (hereafter, “terns”) and double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus (hereafter, “cormorants”) nesting on East Sand Island in the Columbia River estuary consumed the highest proportions of available PIT-tagged salmonids, with minimum predation rates ranging from 2.5% for Willamette River spring Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha to 16.0% for Snake River steelhead O. mykiss. Estimated predation rates by terns, cormorants, gulls of two species (California gull Larus californicus and ring-billed gull L. delawarensis), and American white pelicans Pelecanus erythrorhynchos nesting near the confluence of the Snake and Columbia rivers were also substantial; minimum predation rates ranged from 1.4% for Snake River fall Chinook salmon to 13.2% for upper Columbia River steelhead. Predation on ESA-listed salmonids by gulls and American white pelicans were minor (<2.0% per ESA-listed salmonid population) relative to predation by terns and cormorants. Cumulative impacts were greater for Snake River and upper Columbia River salmonids than for salmonids originating closer to the estuary because upriver salmonids must migrate past more bird colonies to reach the ocean. Predation rates adjusted for colony size (per capita rates) were significantly higher for terns and cormorants nesting at inland colonies (upstream of Bonneville Dam) than for those nesting in the estuary, suggesting that inland colonies have a greater reliance on salmonids as a food source. Management actions to increase salmonid survival by reducing avian predation in the estuary could be offset if birds that disperse from the estuary relocate to inland nesting sites on or near the Columbia River.This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/curren

pp32 (ANP32A) Expression Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth and Induces Gemcitabine Resistance by Disrupting HuR Binding to mRNAs

The expression of protein phosphatase 32 (PP32, ANP32A) is low in poorly differentiated pancreatic cancers and is linked to the levels of HuR (ELAV1), a predictive marker for gemcitabine response. In pancreatic cancer cells, exogenous overexpression of pp32 inhibited cell growth, supporting its long-recognized role as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer. In chemotherapeutic sensitivity screening assays, cells overexpressing pp32 were selectively resistant to the nucleoside analogs gemcitabine and cytarabine (ARA-C), but were sensitized to 5-fluorouracil; conversely, silencing pp32 in pancreatic cancer cells enhanced gemcitabine sensitivity. The cytoplasmic levels of pp32 increased after cancer cells are treated with certain stressors, including gemcitabine. pp32 overexpression reduced the association of HuR with the mRNA encoding the gemcitabine-metabolizing enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), causing a significant reduction in dCK protein levels. Similarly, ectopic pp32 expression caused a reduction in HuR binding of mRNAs encoding tumor-promoting proteins (e.g., VEGF and HuR), while silencing pp32 dramatically enhanced the binding of these mRNA targets. Low pp32 nuclear expression correlated with high-grade tumors and the presence of lymph node metastasis, as compared to patients' tumors with high nuclear pp32 expression. Although pp32 expression levels did not enhance the predictive power of cytoplasmic HuR status, nuclear pp32 levels and cytoplasmic HuR levels associated significantly in patient samples. Thus, we provide novel evidence that the tumor suppressor function of pp32 can be attributed to its ability to disrupt HuR binding to target mRNAs encoding key proteins for cancer cell survival and drug efficacy

Regehr2018_dextrp_data

Data for density extrapolation and abundance estimatio

Regehr2018_PolarBear_N

R code for density extrapolation and abundance estimation for Chukchi Sea polar bear