Enlargement of A Local Group To A Group

Local lie groups are introduced by Cartan [1]. Local groups are local lie groups without topologically property. The aim of this paper is to find conditions that a  local group is contained in  a group .  It is showed  in the example 3.2 that  every  local groups is not gllobaly associative . Then it may not be extended to a group.&nbsp

Çok ince CdTe soğurucu tabakalı güneş hücrelerinin üretimi ve incelenmesi.

Extremely thin absorber layer (ETA) solar cells aim to combine the advantages of using very thin and cheaply produced absorber layer on nano structured substrates with stability of all-solid-state solar cells. This type of photovoltaic devices use a nano structured interpenetrating heterojunction of thin light-absorbing layer at the interface between an n- and p-type semiconductors. N-type nano structured TiO2 layer is deposited on a Transparent Conducting Oxide coated glass (TCO) substrate, following with the CdTe thin absorber layer deposition to cover the structured wide band gap semiconductor. Finally a void-filling ZnSnTe, optically transparent semiconductor, is deposited onto the absorber layer. This structure is followed by a metallic layer deposition to fulfill the ETA solar cell structure. These types of solar cells with nanostructured n-type material and thin CdTe absorber layer have ahigher absorption rate of light as compared to flat ones. The thickness of the absorber layer is an important parameter for both device operation and the ultimate cost of energy production of these structures. The aim of this thesis study is to investigate the fabrication and performance of different solar cell structures with extremely thin CdTe absorber layer. In this study, a variety of nano structured TiO2 layers were produced by different techniques and characterized as the n-type material for both two- and threecomponent ETA solar cells. The spin coated nano-porous, hydrothermally grown nanowire and electrochemically anodized nanotube TiO2 layers were used as the substrate for sputtered and electrodeposited CdTe layer. It was observed that the sputtered TiO2 layer should be present prior to the nanoporous TiO2 layer formation in order to prevent the shorting between FTO and CdTe layers. Also, ZnTe layer was investigated as the p-type layer for three-component ETA solar cells but due to the high resistance value of this material, ZnTe was substituted with low resistance ZnSnTe layer. Various novel two- and three-component ETA solar cells based on different nano structured TiO2withCdTe and ZnSnTe thin film layer deposited by sputtering and electrodeposition methods, were fabricated in the laboratory scale and characterized. The best efficiency and the device parameters were obtained for the two-component Glass/FTO/NWAsTiO2/Electrodeposited CdTe/Cu-Au structure. Both CdCl2surface treatment and post annealing of the CdTe surface, which were applied prior to the formation of the complete solar cell structure, are found to be essential for the efficiency improvement. The use of nano structured TiO2is also an important factor, which improves the light trapping in this structure. Also the use of electrodeposited CdTe absorber layer, which fills the pores of nano structured TiO2 substrates,improves the efficiency when comparedto the solar cell structure with the sputtered CdTe thin film layer.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

Wet Air Oxidation of Aqueous Wastes

Wet air oxidation (WAO) is a key technology in the disposal of industrial and agricultural process wastewaters. It is often used coupled with activated sludge treatment at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) as preliminary conversion of toxic and/or non-biodegradable components. The process is based on a high temperature and pressure reaction of the oxidizable materials in water with air or oxygen, in most cases in a bubble column reactor. The oxidation is a chain type radical reaction. The intensification of this technology is possible with the application of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, recently non-thermal radical generating methods (UV/H2O2, ozonization, Fenton type processes) gathered ground also. The most frequent use of the process is in sludge treatment and oxidation of spent caustic of refineries or ethylene plants

Protective effects of peel and seed extracts of Citrus aurantium on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cell line

A b s t r a c t Oxidative stress and apoptosis contribute to neuronal degeneration in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and is considered responsible for the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is thought to be involved in glutamate-induced apoptosis process. In this study, the neuroprotective effects of Citrus aurantium in the glutamate-induced rat's adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12 cells) were investigated. The cell viability and apoptotic cell death were measured using MTT and propidium iodine (PI)

Evaluation of fungal contaminations and humidity percent of consumed flour in the bakeries of Tabriz city

    Foods contaminations with Mycotoxin producing fungi is the common problem in production and maintenance of foods leads to production and presence of many types of Mycotoxins with extensive clinical effect on human called Mycotoxicosis. The aim of this study is to determine humidity percent and fungal contaminations of flour which is used in bakeries of Tabriz city. From 89 bakeries that were baking every kind of wheat bread, flour samples were collected .At first, humidity percent of samples was measured with standard method; Then experimented with standards of Iran(997 and 2393):10 gram flour sample were dissolved in 90cc of ¼ sterile Ringer solution; then10-2 ,10-3 ,10-4,10-5and10-6 dilutions were prepared. From each dilution, 1cc were spilled in different sterile plates; afterward, 15-20cc of  sterile YCGA culture medium were spilled on the plates and they were shacked slowly; hereafter, they were left until the culture mediums were coagulated. Thereupon, the plates were incubated in 25 ºc for 5 days. Finally, fungi colonies were identified and counted. From 89 samples, 28 samples (31,5%)contain fungi contaminations more than 104colonies/gram of flour(allowable limit) [p<0.05]. Results showed the most fungi were Aspergillus niger and Acromonium. Mean of humidity percent in samples was12.8±0.76 which was in standard level (≤14%) (p=0.000). Findings of this study are according to results of other studies. With respect to wheat is a staple food of Iranians, attention and follow up in all steps of production, distribution and maintenance of wheat and flour with the aim of minimizing fungi contaminations is necessary.

Effects of Smoking Cessation Counseling Based on the Stages of Change Model in a Dental School Setting: A Semi-Experimental Study

Objectives The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of smoking cessation counseling by a dentist on the smokers’ preparation for change to quit smoking. Methods This study was performed on 150 smokers, admitted to the Dental School of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of 75 participants. The intervention group received smoking cessation counseling by a single senior dental student for 30 min session. The patient’s status in the stages of change was determined at baseline and after the intervention. For statistical analysis, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and multivariate linear regression analysis were performed at a significance level of P<0.05. Results At baseline, there were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups in terms of the stage of change for smoking cessation. Also, there was no significant difference in the stages of change in the control group between the baseline and one-month follow-up. However, this difference was significant in the intervention group (P=0.006). In other words, the number of patients in the pre-contemplation stage decreased by 43%, the number of patients in the contemplation stage increased by 20%, and the number of patients in the action stage increased by 16%. Conclusion It can be concluded that smoking cessation counseling enhances a person’s forward movement and transition through the stages of change for smoking cessatio

Effect of nifedipine with and without sildenafil citrate for the management of preterm labor in pregnant women: A randomized clinical trial

Background: Preterm labor is one of the main causes of neonatal mortality and its treatment is still challenging. Objective: The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of nifedipine (Nif) with and without sildenafil citrate (SC) for the treatment of preterm labor in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 126 pregnant women referred to the Fatemieh hospital, Hamadan, Iran with a complaint of preterm labor were evaluated. Participants were randomly divided into 2 groups of Nif 20 mg orally (single dose), then 10 mg every 6-hr, and at the same time vaginal SC 25 mg every 8 hr (Nif + SC) or Nif alone. Treatment was continued for 48-72 hr if uterine contractions did not resolve in both groups. Delivery rates at the time of hospitalization and neonatal outcome were compared between the 2 groups. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed between the 2 study groups in terms of mean age, gestational age, body mass index, and parity. 76.2% of Nif + SC participants in the first 72 hr of hospitalization and 57.2% of Nif participants remained without delivery (p = 0.02). The neonatal hospitalization rate of the Nif + SC group in the neonatal intensive care unit was 25.4% and in the Nif group was 42.9% (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Nif with SC is superior to Nif alone in women at risk of preterm labor due to increasing gestational age and better neonatal outcomes. Key words: Nifedipine, preterm labor, Sildenafil citrate, Randomized trial

Uniformizable functional Alexandroff spaces

In the following text we show that the Alexandroff space $X$ is uniformizable if and only if the collection of all smallest neighbourhoods is a partition of $X$. Moreover the Alexandroff space $X$ is uniformizable and functional Alexandroff ($k-$primal) if and only if the collection of all smallest neighbourhoods is a partition of $X$ into its finite subsets.Comment: 8 page