Frequency of Mycoplasma genitalium among Patients with Bacterial Vaginosis by PCR in comparison with Culturing Method

Introduction: Mycoplasma genitalium is a vaginosis pathogen bacterium to which conventional clinical microbiology techniques cannot be applied due to difficulties in cultivation and slow growth incubation. The aim of this study was  to detect the frequency of this bacteriaamong vaginosis infected women and compare it with healthy individuals using PCR and culture methods. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, we conducted a study among 150 patients with bacterial vaginosis and compared the frequency with 45 healthy women with no vaginal infections collected from Imam Zaman Hospital, Robat karim city in May up to September, 1392 (2013). To detect the cases infected with Mycoplasma genitalium, we used culture technique and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as well. Then, the sensitivity and specificity were calculated. The data was analyzed using the computer software SPSS for windows (version 19), using Cross Tab and Chi square. PResults: The results indicated that among the infected cases, 107%) 71.8) samples were positive using PCR but only 73(49.3) of samples were growing in culture. The sensitivity for culture method was reported to be 49% only while, using PCR method came to 71%. In healthy individuals, 100% of samples were negative in culture which shows specify of 100% of this technique. The specificity of PCR method was 89%. Discussion and conclusion: The findings showed that PCR is a more reliable technique to detect Mycoplasma genitalium compared to culturing method. It is also suggested that presence of this organism is strongly associated with bacterial vaginosis in female

Genome Study of α-, β-, and γ-Carbonic Anhydrases from the Thermophilic Microbiome of Marine Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes that can help organisms survive in hydrothermal vents by hydrating carbon dioxide (CO2). In this study, we focus on alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) CAs, which are present in the thermophilic microbiome of marine hydrothermal vents. The coding genes of these enzymes can be transferred between hydrothermal-vent organisms via horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which is an important tool in natural biodiversity. We performed big data mining and bioinformatics studies on α-, β-, and γ-CA coding genes from the thermophilic microbiome of marine hydrothermal vents. The results showed a reasonable association between thermostable α-, β-, and γ-CAs in the microbial population of the hydrothermal vents. This relationship could be due to HGT. We found evidence of HGT of α- and β-CAs between Cycloclasticus sp., a symbiont of Bathymodiolus heckerae, and an endosymbiont of Riftia pachyptila via Integrons. Conversely, HGT of β-CA genes from the endosymbiont Tevnia jerichonana to the endosymbiont Riftia pachyptila was detected. In addition, Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus SP-41 contains a β-CA gene on genomic islands (GIs). This gene can be transferred by HGT to Hydrogenovibrio sp. MA2-6, a methanotrophic endosymbiont of Bathymodiolus azoricus, and a methanotrophic endosymbiont of Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis. The endosymbiont of R. pachyptila has a γ-CA gene in the genome. If α- and β-CA coding genes have been derived from other microorganisms, such as endosymbionts of T. jerichonana and Cycloclasticus sp. as the endosymbiont of B. heckerae, through HGT, the theory of the necessity of thermostable CA enzymes for survival in the extreme ecosystem of hydrothermal vents is suggested and helps the conservation of microbiome natural diversity in hydrothermal vents. These harsh ecosystems, with their integral players, such as HGT and endosymbionts, significantly impact the enrichment of life on Earth and the carbon cycle in the ocean

Effect of Various Carboxylic Acids on the Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoate in Pseudomonas aeruginosaPA01: Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In the present study, four carbon sources were tested for the polyester synthesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosaPA01 which is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium and is one of the top three causes of opportunistic human infections. These included linear C8to C11carboxylic acids. Octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid and undecanoic acid were added to M1 minimal medium to final concentrations of 60,40, 30 and 20 mM, respectively. When P. aeruginosa was cultivated in M1 minimal medium with decanoate and nonanoate as the sole carbon sources, polyhydroxyalka-noate (PHA) was achieved up to 55.75% (w/w) and 24.53% (w/w), respectively. The maximum PHAyield at 30 ºC was obtained when decanoic acid was used as sole carbon source. Use of nonanoic acid as carbon source was resulted in a minimum PHAyield at 30 ºC. An increase in the cultivation temperature from 30 ºC to 37 ºCresulted in decrease of PHAcontent and cell dried weight as well. Based on the type of carbon source different monomers at the level higher than 1 mol% to 62 mol%were detected which included 3-hydroxyoheptanoic acid (C7), 3-hydroxyoctanoicacid (C8), 3-hydroxynonanoic acid (C9), 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (C10), and 3-hydroxyundecanoic acid (C11)