A Study of the Role of Churches in the Enactment of the Arkansas Prohibition Law of 1917

Churches have been involved in the moral and ethical standards of the United States and its political subdivisions since the formation of the nation. Major questions about the churches\u27 involvement as a social force in the nation or in the community concern: (1) the degree of involvement, (2) the methods employed and (3) the relative effectiveness of church influence upon the mores and laws of any society or state. To answer these questions, a historical study must be made of a particular moral problem in a specific locale and of the role that church influence or direct action played in its solution. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the role that churches and Christian leaders had in Arkansas\u27 enactment of the Bone Dry Law of 1917 and of the numerous less important prohibition laws which led to its enactment.... With the signature of Governor Charles Hillman Brough, Senate Bill 36 of 1917 became law, Act 13 of the Arkansas General Assembly. The Bone Dry Law, as Act 13 was popularly known, made Arkansas the first Bone Dry state in the United States. The basic contention underlying this study was that churches and Christian leaders in various denominations were primarily responsible for the Bone Dry Law and the previously enacted laws upon which it was predicated. The purpose of this study, consequently, was to determine the validity of this basic contention and to determine what methods or approaches were used in securing the passage of Act 13

Field Dependence and Independence and the Effect of Level of Guidance on Learning Performance for Associate Degree Nursing Students

vii, 138 leaves. Advisor: Linda BradyBecause of the continued need for nurses skilled at calculating drug dosages and the assumed responsibility of nurse educators for student competency, this study was conducted to determine the effects of minimum and maximum guided drug calculation instruction in relation to the student's cognitive style: field dependent (FD) or field independent (FI). The cognitive styles of 24 female nursing students, who were enrolled in the first year of an associate degree nursing program at a Midwestern community college, were tested using the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT). Students participated in pretest and posttest sessions to evaluate pharmacology calculation skills as well as in five intervention sessions. First, the pretest scores did not vary between the FD and FI groups. Second, the achievement scores between the matched groups, FD students with maximum guidance and FI students with minimum guidance were not significantly higher than the nonmatched groups, the FD students with minimum guidance and FI students with maximum guidance Third, the nonmatched groups were significantly more satisfied with the teaching method than were the matched groups (p<.05

Influence of implant diameter on surrounding bone

Objectives : Implant osseointegration is dependent upon various factors, such as bone quality and type of implant surface. It is also subject to adaptation in response to changes in bone metabolism or transmission of masticatory forces. Understanding of long-term physiologic adjustment is critical to prevention of potential loss of osseointegration, especially because excessive occlusal forces lead to failure. To address this issue, wide-diameter implants were introduced in part with the hope that greater total implant surface would offer mechanical resistance. Yet, there is little evidence that variation in diameter translates into a different bone response in the implant vicinity. Therefore, this study aimed at comparing the impact of implant diameter on surrounding bone. Material and methods : Twenty standard (3.75 mm) and 20 wide (5 mm) implants were placed using an animal model. Histomorphometry was performed to establish initial bone density (IBD), bone to implant contact (BIC) and adjacent bone density (ABD). Results : BIC was 71% and 73%, whereas ABD was 65% and 52%, for standard and wide implants, respectively. These differences were not statistically different ( P >0.05). Correlation with IBD was then investigated. BIC was not correlated with IBD. ABD was not correlated to IBD for standard implants ( r 2 =0.126), but it was correlated with wide implants ( r 2 =0.82). In addition, a 1 : 1 ratio between IBD and ABD was found for wide implants. It can be concluded, within the limits of this study, that ABD may be influenced by implant diameter, perhaps due to differences in force dissipation. To cite this article: Brink J, Meraw SJ, Sarment DP. Influence of implant diameter on surrounding bone. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 18 , 2007; 563–568 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01283.xPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75089/1/j.1600-0501.2007.01283.x.pd

Ascertainment of childhood vaccination histories in northern Malawi

OBJECTIVE: To assess factors related to recorded vaccine uptake, which may confound the evaluation of vaccine impact.METHODS: Analysis of documented vaccination histories of children under 5 years and demographic and socio-economic characteristics collected by a demographic surveillance system in Karonga District, Malawi. Associations between deviations from the standard vaccination schedule and characteristics that are likely to be associated with increased mortality were determined by multivariate logistic regression.RESULTS: Approximately 78% of children aged 6-23 months had a vaccination document, declining to &lt;50% by 5 years of age. Living closer to an under-5 clinic, having a better educated father, and both parents being alive were associated with having a vaccination document. For a small percentage of children, vaccination records were incomplete and/or faulty. Vaccination uptake was high overall, but delayed among children living further from the nearest under-5 clinic or from poorer socio-economic backgrounds. Approximately 9% of children had received their last dose of DPT with or after measles vaccine. These children were from relatively less educated parents, and were more likely to have been born outside the health services.CONCLUSIONS: Though overall coverage in this community was high and variation in coverage according to child or parental characteristics small, there was strong evidence of more timely coverage among children from better socio-economic conditions and among those who lived closer to health facilities. These factors are likely to be strong confounders in the association of vaccinations with mortality, and may offer an alternative explanation for the non-specific mortality impact of vaccines described by other studies

Phytoplankton distribution and water quality indices for Lake Mead (Colorado River)

Phytoplankton samples were collected in Lake Mend 6 times from September 1910 to June 1971 for 8 stations at depths of 0. 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 m. These samples were processed through a Millipore filter apparatus and 79 planktonic algae were identified. Algal divisions represented were Bacillariophyta, 42 species; Chlorophyta, 18 ; Cyanophyta, 9; Chrysophyta, 3; Cryptophyta, 3; Pyrrophyta, 2; and Euglenophyta, 2. Blue-green algae were dominant in late summer and fall; green algae, diatoms, and, cryptomonads in winter; and green algae in spring. The early summer flora was best represented by the Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta, and Chrysophyta. Palmer\u27s pollution-tolerant algae indices and Nygaard\u27s indices were calculated from phytoplankton data. These indices suggest eutropic conditions in Lake Mead, especially for Boulder Basin

A Bioengineered Implant for a Predetermined Bone Cellular Response to Loading Forces. A Literature Review and Case Report

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142048/1/jper1276.pd

Performance of Small Cluster Surveys and the Clustered LQAS Design to estimate Local-level Vaccination Coverage in Mali

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Estimation of vaccination coverage at the local level is essential to identify communities that may require additional support. Cluster surveys can be used in resource-poor settings, when population figures are inaccurate. To be feasible, cluster samples need to be small, without losing robustness of results. The clustered LQAS (CLQAS) approach has been proposed as an alternative, as smaller sample sizes are required.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We explored (i) the efficiency of cluster surveys of decreasing sample size through bootstrapping analysis and (ii) the performance of CLQAS under three alternative sampling plans to classify local VC, using data from a survey carried out in Mali after mass vaccination against meningococcal meningitis group A.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>VC estimates provided by a 10 × 15 cluster survey design were reasonably robust. We used them to classify health areas in three categories and guide mop-up activities: i) health areas not requiring supplemental activities; ii) health areas requiring additional vaccination; iii) health areas requiring further evaluation. As sample size decreased (from 10 × 15 to 10 × 3), standard error of VC and ICC estimates were increasingly unstable. Results of CLQAS simulations were not accurate for most health areas, with an overall risk of misclassification greater than 0.25 in one health area out of three. It was greater than 0.50 in one health area out of two under two of the three sampling plans.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Small sample cluster surveys (10 × 15) are acceptably robust for classification of VC at local level. We do not recommend the CLQAS method as currently formulated for evaluating vaccination programmes.</p

Whom and Where Are We Not Vaccinating? Coverage after the Introduction of a New Conjugate Vaccine against Group A Meningococcus in Niger in 2010

MenAfriVac is a new conjugate vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A developed for the African “meningitis belt”. In Niger, the first two phases of the MenAfriVac introduction campaign were conducted targeting 3,135,942 individuals aged 1 to 29 years in the regions of Tillabéri, Niamey, and Dosso, in September and December 2010. We evaluated the campaign and determined which sub-populations or areas had low levels of vaccination coverage in the regions of Tillabéri and Niamey. After Phase I, conducted in the Filingué district, we estimated coverage using a 30×15 cluster-sampling survey and nested lot quality assurance (LQA) analysis in the clustered samples to identify which subpopulations (defined by age 1–14/15–29 and sex) had unacceptable vaccination coverage (<70%). After Phase II, we used Clustered Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (CLQAS) to assess if any of eight districts in Niamey and Tillabéri had unacceptable vaccination coverage (<75%) and estimated overall coverage. Estimated vaccination coverage was 77.4% (95%CI: 84.6–70.2) as documented by vaccination cards and 85.5% (95% CI: 79.7–91.2) considering verbal history of vaccination for Phase I; 81.5% (95%CI: 86.1–77.0) by card and 93.4% (95% CI: 91.0–95.9) by verbal history for Phase II. Based on vaccination cards, in Filingué, we identified both the male and female adult (age 15–29) subpopulations as not reaching 70% coverage; and we identified three (one in Tillabéri and two in Niamey) out of eight districts as not reaching 75% coverage confirmed by card. Combined use of LQA and cluster sampling was useful to estimate vaccination coverage and to identify pockets with unacceptable levels of coverage (adult population and three districts). Although overall vaccination coverage was satisfactory, we recommend continuing vaccination in the areas or sub-populations with low coverage and reinforcing the social mobilization of the adult population

Estimation of Nationwide Vaccination Coverage and Comparison of Interview and Telephone Survey Methodology for Estimating Vaccination Status

This study compared interview and telephone surveys to select the better method for regularly estimating nationwide vaccination coverage rates in Korea. Interview surveys using multi-stage cluster sampling and telephone surveys using stratified random sampling were conducted. Nationwide coverage rates were estimated in subjects with vaccination cards in the interview survey. The interview survey relative to the telephone survey showed a higher response rate, lower missing rate, higher validity and a less difference in vaccination coverage rates between card owners and non-owners. Primary vaccination coverage rate was greater than 90% except for the fourth dose of DTaP (diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis), the third dose of polio, and the third dose of Japanese B encephalitis (JBE). The DTaP4: Polio3: MMR1 fully vaccination rate was 62.0% and BCG1:HepB3:DTaP4:Polio3:MMR1 was 59.5%. For age-appropriate vaccination, the coverage rate was 50%-80%. We concluded that the interview survey was better than the telephone survey. These results can be applied to countries with incomplete registry and decreasing rates of landline telephone coverage due to increased cell phone usage and countries. Among mandatory vaccines, efforts to increase vaccination rate for the fourth dose of DTaP, the third dose of polio, JBE and regular vaccinations at recommended periods should be conducted in Korea