Field dependence of the switching field for nonellipsoidal single domain particles

Experimental data on a model system of a two-dimensional array of single domain garnet particles, switching by incoherent rotation, are presented to show that the switching field of individual particles, H-sw, and the coercivity of the major hysteresis loop for similar to1000 particles, H-c, depend on the previously applied saturating field. For the system measured the asymptotic, "true" value of H-c in large fields is 321 Oe, in contrast with H-c=225 Oe, measured in an applied field of H-sat=188 Oe, i.e., the smallest field adequate to close the major loop. Statistical data were collected on switching of a single particle, with an asymptotic value of H-sw=150 Oe. After the application of H-sat=160 Oe H-sw decreased to 111 Oe. Due to the nonellipsoidal shape of the particles, a significant canting of the magnetization near corners and edges persists up to very high fields. The torque, due to these canted magnetic moments, facilitates premature switching in lower fields. It is proposed that defects are responsible for the irreversibility of the process

Major loop reconstruction from switching of individual particles

Major hysteresis loops of groups of isolated 60 mm square garnet particles of a regular two-dimensional array, have been measured magnetooptically. Individual loops for each particle were measured, and the statistics of the distribution of coercivities and interaction fields was determined. It is shown that from the measured coercivity distribution and calculated magnetostatic interaction fields the major hysteresis loop can be reconstructed. The switching sequence, and the major loop of an assembly of 535 particles were calculated numerically for two cases: first, when calculating the magnetostatic interaction, the 25 particles were assumed to be isolated; second, the major loop of the same 25 particles, embedded into a 939 square, was reconstructed taking into account the interactions among all 81 particles. The numerically simulated major hysteresis loops agree very well with the measured loops, demonstrating the reliability of numerical modeling

Az egykulcsos személyi jövedelemadó várható hatásai az agrárfoglalkoztatásra

A személyi jövedelemadó rendszert érintÅ‘ 2011. évi változásokkal kapcsolatban elhangzott vélemények és értékelések rendkívül egysíkúak. A változások és az eredmények bemutatásakor az adózó magánszemélyt állították a középpontba, a magánszemélyeket érÅ‘ pozitív és negatív hatásokat összevetve, s így mérleget vonva. Az intézkedések gazdaságpolitikai dimenzióit ugyanakkor figyelmen kívül hagyták: az ágazati szinten megnyilvánuló hatások számszerűsítése, illetve a makrogazdasági következmények összegzése és bemutatása nem történt meg. Az szja-változásokból fakadó nettóbér-csökkenést a munkáltatóknak kompenzálniuk kell. Az intézkedéssel jól járó munkavállalók ugyanakkor kizárólagosan élvezik nettó bérük növekményének hasznát. Ez ágazati szinten azt jelenti, hogy míg az adóintézkedések eredményét a munkavállalók élvezik, a költségeket az érintett ágazatok, azok munkáltatói viselik. A magyar nemzetgazdaság versenyképességének alakulása és a gazdaság növekedése szempontjából ezek a hatások kritikusak. MindebbÅ‘l az következik, hogy az egykulcsos adó bevezetése mellett az adójóváírást teljesen kivezetni nem szabad: az alacsony képzettségű, nehezen foglalkoztatható rétegek helyzete romlik és az alacsonyabb munkajövedelem mellett foglalkoztató ágazatok versenyképessége csökken annak következtében, hogy a minimálbéren, illetve garantált bérminimumon foglalkoztatottak körében a reálpozíciók megtartása közel 30 százalékos béremelési terhet ró az ágazatokra idén és a következÅ‘ két évben. -------------------------------------------- The opinions and assessments published with regard to the changes to the income tax system in 2011 are extremely one-sided. The changes and their results are described with a focus on individual taxpayers, with the outcome of the assessment being based on the comparison of positive and negative effects on individuals. At the same time the effects of the changes on economic policy are ignored. The impact of the changes on the various sectors are not quantified and neither are macro-economic effects summarised and presented. Changes in the income tax system lead to a drop in net wages, which employers need to compensate. Employees for whom the changes are advantageous, however, can enjoy their increased net wages without restriction. On an industry level this means that while employees benefit from the result of the new tax measures, the costs of the measures are borne by the sectors affected and the employers therein. These industry-wide effects are critical for the competitiveness of the Hungarian national economy and for economic growth. It follows that tax refund should not be phased out completely after the single rate income tax is introduced: the situation of the less skilled workforce, who are difficult to employ, will worsen, and the competitiveness of industries employing lower-wage workforce will be reduced due to the fact that in the next two years, the sectors will need to raise wages by nearly 30 percent in order to preserve the real wages of employees earning statutory minimum wages or guaranteed statutory minimum wages.egykulcsos személyi jövedelemadó, munkavállalók, munkáltatók, foglalkoztatás, single rate income tax, employee, employer, employment, Financial Economics, Political Economy,

Monomial clones over F-q

The description of the poset of clones generated by a single binary idempotent monomial over F-q is given by purely number theoretic means

EEG and ERP biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: a critical review.

Here we critically review studies that used electroencephalography (EEG) or event-related potential (ERP) indices as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. In the first part we overview studies that relied on visual inspection of EEG traces and spectral characteristics of EEG. Second, we survey analysis methods motivated by dynamical systems theory (DST) as well as more recent network connectivity approaches. In the third part we review studies of sleep.  Next, we compare the utility of early and late ERP components in dementia research. In the section on mismatch negativity (MMN) studies we summarize their results and limitations and outline the emerging field of computational neurology. In the following we overview the use of EEG in the differential diagnosis of the most common neurocognitive disorders. Finally, we provide a summary of the state of the field and conclude that several promising EEG/ERP indices of synaptic neurotransmission are worth considering as potential biomarkers. Furthermore, we highlight some practical issues and discuss future challenges as well

NLRP3 inflammasome-activating arginine-based liposomes promote antigen presentations in dendritic cells

Tianshu Li, Matthias Zehner, Jieyan He, Tomasz Próchnicki, Gabor Horvath, Eicke Latz, Sven Burgdorf, Shinji Takeoka. NLRP3 inflammasome-activating arginine-based liposomes promote antigen presentations in dendritic cells. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2019; 2019(14):3503—3516. doi:10.2147/IJN.S20237

Generation of diffraction-free beams for applications in optical microlithography

A new concept based on a Fabry–Perot interferometer for the generation of nondiffracting Bessel beams is described and proposed for potential applications in microlithography such as the fabrication of small isolated patterns. It was experimentally demonstrated that the depth of focus can be increased by a factor of about 2, and simultaneously the transverse resolution improved by a factor of 1.6, when using this technique to image contact holes. The properties of simultaneous imaging of two contact holes were also investigated. It was shown experimentally that, even in the most critical case ~when the first diffraction rings overlap!, undesirable interference effects between the adjacent contact holes can be eliminated by means of a phase shifting technique.Texas InstrumentsNational Science FoundationOTKA Foundation of the Hungarian Academy of Science