Parenting in America: Outlook, Worries, Aspirations Are Strongly Linked to Financial Situation

Family life is changing. Two-parent households are on the decline in the United States as divorce, remarriage and cohabitation are on the rise. And families are smaller now, both due to the growth of single-parent households and the drop in fertility. Not only are Americans having fewer children, but the circumstances surrounding parenthood have changed. While in the early 1960s babies typically arrived within a marriage, today fully four-in-ten births occur to women who are single or living with a non-marital partner. At the same time that family structures have transformed, so has the role of mothers in the workplace – and in the home. As more moms have entered the labor force, more have become breadwinners – in many cases, primary breadwinners – in their families.As a result of these changes, there is no longer one dominant family form in the U.S. Parents today are raising their children against a backdrop of increasingly diverse and, for many, constantly evolving family forms. By contrast, in 1960, the height of the post-World War II baby boom, there was one dominant family form. At that time 73% of all children were living in a family with two married parents in their first marriage. By 1980, 61% of children were living in this type of family, and today less than half (46%) are. The declining share of children living in what is often deemed a "traditional" family has been largely supplanted by the rising shares of children living with single or cohabiting parents.Not only has the diversity in family living arrangements increased since the early 1960s, but so has the fluidity of the family. Non-marital cohabitation and divorce, along with the prevalence of remarriage and (non-marital) recoupling in the U.S., make for family structures that in many cases continue to evolve throughout a child's life. While in the past a child born to a married couple – as most children were – was very likely to grow up in a home with those two parents, this is much less common today, as a child's living arrangement changes with each adjustment in the relationship status of their parents. For example, one study found that over a three-year period, about three-in-ten (31%) children younger than 6 had experienced a major change in their family or household structure, in the form of parental divorce, separation, marriage, cohabitation or death

Parenting in America Today

Pew Research Center conducted this study to better understand how American parents approach parenting. This analysis is based on 3,757 U.S. parents with children under age 18. The data was collected as part of a larger survey of parents with children younger than 18 conducted Sept. 20 to Oct. 2, 2022. Most of the parents who took part are members of the Center's American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This survey also included an oversample of Black, Hispanic and Asian parents from Ipsos' KnowledgePanel, another probability-based online survey web panel recruited primarily through national, random sampling of residential addresses

Cárcere e família : narrativas de mulheres mães presas brasileiras e estadunidenses

Esta dissertação aborda a temática do encarceramento feminino e das relações familiares a partir de experiências de mulheres mães presas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. A pergunta de pesquisa que guia a investigação é ―o que as narrativas de mulheres mães presas brasileiras e estadunidenses revelam sobre as relações entre cárcere e fam lia?‖. São discutidos os processos de encarceramento em massa racistas e seletivos, vinculados à discussão de um Sul Global metafórico compartilhado entre mulheres encarceradas. O arcabouço teórico da Criminologia Feminista é mobilizado, dando centralidade para categorias interseccionais de raça, gênero e classe no sistema de justiça criminal. Os conceitos de famílias populares e de redes mútuas de apoio, advindos da Antropologia das Famílias, são articulados ao debate criminológico proposto, servindo como lente teórica interdisciplinar. Metodologicamente, tem-se a elaboração de pesquisa comparativa, fundamentada no Cross-National Comparative Method e no Comparative Criminal Punishment. Para o exame das experiências de mulheres privadas de liberdade, mobiliza-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo de Laurence Bardin. As narrativas das mulheres mães presas brasileiras e estadunidenses revelam a reprodução de desigualdades de gênero, classe e raça pelo sistema de justiça criminal, sendo possível se pensar em um Sul Global metafórico compartilhado entre mulheres mães presas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa demonstra que a prisão se consolida como um fator relevante de instabilidade social, com efeitos especialmente sobre mulheres da rede de apoio de mães presas. Por fim, a investigação expõe a centralidade que as visitas têm durante o encarceramento, revelando como práticas violadoras normalizadas nos Estados Unidos - como visitas sem contato, visitas por meio de barreira de vidro e visitas por vídeo - devem ser analisadas criticamente frente às aproximações históricas de importação de técnicas de tratamento penal. O estudo, portanto, junta-se à produção criminológica e considera a potência da pesquisa comparativa frente à complexidade das dinâmicas opressivas que atingem mulheres mães presas em uma agenda global.This study aims to analyze female incarceration and family relations through the experiences of Brazilian and US incarcerated mothers. The research question that guides the investigation is ―what do experiencies of Brazilian and US incarcerated mothers reveal about the relations between incarceration and the amily?‖. Racist and selective mass incarceration processes area discussed, connected to the idea of a metaphorical Global South shared by incarcerated mothers. Conceptually, the Feminist Criminology lens is mobilized, focusing on intersectional categories of race, gender and class in the criminal justice system. The concepts of poplar families and mutual support networks are linked do the criminological discussion due to the selectivity of the penal system. Methodologically, the work is built as a comparative research, dialoguing with the Cross-National Comparative Method and the Comparative Criminal Punishment. Under this approach, a content analysis is mobilized as tool for incarcerated mothers narratives. The experiences of Brazilian and US incarcerated mothers reveal the reproduction of gender, class and race inequalities through the criminal justice system. In this sense, there is a metaphorical Global South shared between incarcerated mothers in Brazil an in the United States. Besides, the work exhibits the importance of the concepts of popular families and mutual support networks, inspired by the Anthropological approach to Family Studies, and demonstrates that incarceration is a relevant factor of social instability specially for women from popular families. Finally, the investigation exposes the centrality that visits play during incarceration, revealing how normalized violating practices in the United States - such as non-contact visits and visits through a glass barrier - should be critically analyzed in the sense of a historical approach of imported criminal treatment techniques. The study, therefore, joins the criminological production and considers the power of comparative research facing oppressive dynamics that affect incarcerated mothers in a global agenda

The Culture Wars and the Agenda of the U.S. Congress

The scholarly literature on controversial cultural issues like abortion, gay rights, and school prayer thus far has focused in large part on the link between public opinion and the adoption of what political scientists have termed "morality policy." While this literature has made significant contributions towards the understanding of the politics of the culture wars, the starting point for most studies of morality policy is a decision between two alternatives--to adopt or to reject a proposed policy or to cast a "yes" or "no" vote on a bill--that are already on the table. Yet, an important part of the puzzle--how cultural issues become part of the legislative agenda in the first place--has been largely ignored in the morality policy literature. This dissertation advances the literature by addressing the rise of cultural issues on the congressional agenda. More specifically, I examine the factors that make some members more likely than others to introduce bills on cultural issues, the circumstances under which committees are most likely to hold hearings on such issues, and congressional leaders' decision to schedule floor votes on these controversial issues. Using rare events logistic regression, negative binomial regression, and standard logistic regression analysis, I show that individual members of Congress and the majority party leadership, especially under Republican control, are motivated, in part, by electoral considerations, including the timing of elections, when they put cultural issues on the agenda of the U.S. Congress

America's Complex Relationship With Guns: An In-depth Look at the Atttitudes and Experiences of U.S. Adults

A new Pew Research Center survey attempts to better understand the complex relationship Americans have with guns and how that relationship intersects with their policy views.The survey finds that Americans have broad exposure to guns, whether they personally own one or not. At least two-thirds have lived in a household with a gun at some point in their lives. And roughly seven-in-ten – including 55% of those who have never personally owned a gun – say they have fired a gun at some point. Today, three-in-ten U.S. adults say they own a gun, and an additional 36% say that while they don't own one now, they might be open to owning a gun in the future. A third of adults say they don't currently own a gun and can't see themselves ever doing so.To be sure, experiences with guns aren't always positive: 44% of U.S. adults say they personally know someone who has been shot, either accidentally or intentionally, and about a quarter (23%) say they or someone in their family have been threatened or intimidated by someone using a gun. Half see gun violence as a very big problem in the U.S. today, although gun owners and non-owners offer divergent views on this.Gun owners and non-owners are also deeply divided on several gun policy proposals, but there is agreement on some restrictions, such as preventing those with mental illnesses and those on federal watch lists from buying guns. Among gun owners, there is a diversity of views on gun policy, driven in large part by party affiliation.The nationally representative survey of 3,930 U.S. adults, including 1,269 gun owners, was conducted March 13 to 27 and April 4 to 18, 2017, using the Pew Research Center's American Trends Panel

ENCARCERAMENTO E COVID19 À LUZ DA CRIMINOLOGIA FEMINISTA: A RECOMENDAÇÃO Nº62 DO CONSELHO NACIONAL DE JUSTIÇA COMO UM IMPULSO À EFETIVAÇÃO DE DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS DE MULHERES MÃES E GESTANTES PRESAS

Este artigo aborda a problemática do encarceramento de mulheres mães e gestantes no contexto da pandemia da Covid19. Parte-se da pergunta: "Em que medida a Resolução 62 editada pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ), em meio à pandemia da Covid19, consolida-se como incentivo à conversão de prisão provisória em prisão domiciliar nos casos de mães e gestantes presas?". Mobiliza-se o arcabouço teórico da criminologia feminista e a técnica de revisão bibliográfica. O trabalho aponta que a Recomendação nº 62 do CNJ é um impulso à efetivação de medidas de desencarceramento previstas no ordenamento brasileiro para mulheres mães e gestantes presas

II Diretriz Brasileira de Transplante Cardíaco

Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das ClínicasIIHospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart GomesUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaInstituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio PretoPontifícia Universidade Católica do ParanáIHospital Israelita Albert EinsteinInstituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Fundação Universitária do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de CardiologiaReal e Benemérita Sociedade de Beneficência Portuguesa, São PauloHospital Pró-Cardíaco do Rio de JaneiroSanta Casa do Rio de JaneiroUNIFESP, EPMSciEL