Single ICCII Sinusoidal Oscillators Employing Grounded Capacitors

Two inverting second-generation current conveyors (ICCII) based sinusoidal oscillators are presented. The first sinusoidal oscillator is composed of one ICCII, two grounded capacitors and two resistors. The oscillation condition and oscillation frequency can be orthogonally controllable. The second sinusoidal oscillator is composed of one ICCII, two grounded capacitors and three resistors. The oscillation condition and oscillation frequency can be independently controllable through different resistors

Characterization and flow of food and mineral powders : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand

Powders are important commodities across different industries, such as the food and pharmaceutical industries. In these industries, powders are usually made, mixed, milled, packaged, and stored; these operations require the powders to move and flow under desired conditions and different stress levels. Failure to flow will cause hindrances to production; therefore knowledge of powder flow or flowability is important. There is a constant demand for accurate, reliable, and robust measurement and characterization methods for powder flowability. Powders behave differently under varying conditions; the behaviour of a powder is influenced by particle size distribution, and powder handling and processing conditions. There is to date no one “standard” method to characterize powder flowability; it is common to use a variety of methods and devices to measure flow properties and provide insight into the behaviour and flow characteristics of powders under different conditions. The flow properties of model food and mineral powders were measured and assessed by shear testing, compression via tapping, fluidization, and powder tumbling. Shear testing was done with an annular shear cell following Jenike (1964) and Berry, Bradley and McGregor (2014). Compression via tapping was performed according to a procedure in the dairy industry (Niro, 1978) and the European Pharmacopoeia (Schüssele & Bauer-Brandl, 2003). Fluidization was used to measure powder bed expansion and bed collapse following the powder classification framework provided by Geldart and co-workers (Geldart, 1973; Geldart, Harnby, & Wong, 1984; Geldart & Wong, 1984, 1985). Powder tumbling was performed in a novel Gravitational Displacement Rheometer, GDR, which measured the motion and avalanche activity of powders that moved under their own weight when rotated in a cylinder at different drum speed levels. The flow data from each characterization method were evaluated individually with regards to particle size distribution and then assessed collectively. The findings presented and discussed include the i) demonstration of the dominant influence of surface-volume mean particle diameter on powder flow properties, ii) characterization of flowability based on Jenike’s arbitrary flow divisions, iii) development of new correlations for the estimation of powder cohesion and bulk density at low preconsolidation stresses, iv) demonstration of hopper outlet diameter as a measure of flowability, v) demonstration of the limited utility of Hausner ratio as a flowability index, vi) substantiation of von Neumann ratio as a sensitive and useful indicator for identifying the onset of bubbling in fluidized beds using bed pressure fluctuation data, and vii) demonstration of the utility of standard deviation of the GDR load cell signal as an indicator of powder avalanche activity. These findings provide improved understanding and knowledge of powder flowability; they can be used to assist and facilitate the development of new techniques and solutions relevant to the handling and processing of powders especially in the food and pharmaceutical industries

Is there a relationship between prism fusion range and vergence facility?

Aim: To investigate the relationship between prism fusion range (PFR) and vergence facility (VF) measurements in subjects with normal binocular vision. Methods: Twenty-eight subjects (mean age 19 ± 1 years) with normal binocular single vision (BSV) underwent measurement of the PFR and VF in a varied order, at a test distance of 1/3 m. The PFR measurements recorded were the base out (BO) range to blur and break point and base in (BI) range to break point. The total PFR was calculated. The VF was assessed over a 1 min time period using a 12(Δ)BO/ 3(Δ)BI flip prism and recorded in cycles per minute (cpm). Results: No correlation was demonstrable between any of the single measures of the PFR and the VF results. The BO PFR to break point and the BI PFR results obtained (means 46(Δ) BO and 14(Δ) BI) were not significantly different from quoted ‘normal’ values. The VF results obtained (mean 12 ± 4.2 cpm) were found to be significantly different from the reported mean value. Conclusion: In a group of young adults with normal BSV, no correlation between PFR and VF was found. The two tests may quantify different aspects of vergence or, alternatively, results of one or both tests in this study may be unreliable

Derivation of the Euler equations from many-body quantum mechanics

The Heisenberg dynamics of the energy, momentum, and particle densities for fermions with short-range pair interactions is shown to converge to the compressible Euler equations in the hydrodynamic limit. The pressure function is given by the standard formula from quantum statistical mechanics with the two-body potential under consideration. Our derivation is based on a quantum version of the entropy method and a suitable quantum virial theorem. No intermediate description, such as a Boltzmann equation or semi-classical approximation, is used in our proof. We require some technical conditions on the dynamics, which can be considered as interesting open problems in their own right

T Memory Cells: Quality not Quantity

AbstractImmunological memory to pathogens is associated with clonal expansion and heightened responsiveness of antigen-specific T cells. Recent work emphasizes that, for efficient protective immunity, qualitative changes in T memory cells are vitally important