504 research outputs found
Microscopic and Macroscopic Stress with Gravitational and Rotational Forces
Many recent papers have questioned Irving and Kirkwood's atomistic expression
for stress. In Irving and Kirkwood's approach both interatomic forces and
atomic velocities contribute to stress. It is the velocity-dependent part that
has been disputed. To help clarify this situation we investigate [1] a fluid in
a gravitational field and [2] a steadily rotating solid. For both problems we
choose conditions where the two stress contributions, potential and kinetic,
are significant. The analytic force-balance solutions of both these problems
agree very well with a smooth-particle interpretation of the atomistic
Irving-Kirkwood stress tensor.Comment: Fifteen pages with seven figures, revised according to referees'
suggestions at Physical Review E. See also Liu and Qiu's arXiv contribution
0810.080
Equivalence of live tree carbon stocks produced by three estimation approaches for forests of the western United States
The focus on forest carbon estimation accompanying the implementation of increased regulatory and reporting requirements is fostering the development of numerous tools and methods to facilitate carbon estimation. One such well-established mechanism is via the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS), a growth and yield modeling system used by public and private land managers and researchers, which provides two alternate approaches to quantifying carbon in live trees on forest land – these are known as the Jenkins and Fire and Fuels Extension (FFE) equations. A necessary consideration in developing forest carbon estimates is to address alternate, potentially different, estimates that are likely available from more than one source. A key to using such information is some understanding of where alternate estimates are expected to produce equivalent results. We address this here by focusing on potential equivalence among three commonly employed approaches to estimating individual-tree carbon, which are all applicable to inventory sampling or inventory simulation applications. Specifically, the two approaches available in FVS – Jenkins and FFE – and the third, the component ratio method (CRM) used in the U.S. Forest Service’s, Forest Inventory and Analysis national DataBase (FIADB).
A key finding of this study is that the Jenkins, FFE, and CRM methods are not universally equivalent, and that equivalence varies across regions, forest types, and levels of data aggregation. No consistent alignment of approaches was identified. In general, equivalence was identified in a greater proportion of cases when forests were summarized at more aggregate levels such as all softwood type groups or entire variants. Most frequently, the FIA inventory-based CRM and FFE were determined to be equivalent
Equivalence of live tree carbon stocks produced by three estimation approaches for forests of the western United States
The focus on forest carbon estimation accompanying the implementation of increased regulatory and reporting requirements is fostering the development of numerous tools and methods to facilitate carbon estimation. One such well-established mechanism is via the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS), a growth and yield modeling system used by public and private land managers and researchers, which provides two alternate approaches to quantifying carbon in live trees on forest land – these are known as the Jenkins and Fire and Fuels Extension (FFE) equations. A necessary consideration in developing forest carbon estimates is to address alternate, potentially different, estimates that are likely available from more than one source. A key to using such information is some understanding of where alternate estimates are expected to produce equivalent results. We address this here by focusing on potential equivalence among three commonly employed approaches to estimating individual-tree carbon, which are all applicable to inventory sampling or inventory simulation applications. Specifically, the two approaches available in FVS – Jenkins and FFE – and the third, the component ratio method (CRM) used in the U.S. Forest Service’s, Forest Inventory and Analysis national DataBase (FIADB).
A key finding of this study is that the Jenkins, FFE, and CRM methods are not universally equivalent, and that equivalence varies across regions, forest types, and levels of data aggregation. No consistent alignment of approaches was identified. In general, equivalence was identified in a greater proportion of cases when forests were summarized at more aggregate levels such as all softwood type groups or entire variants. Most frequently, the FIA inventory-based CRM and FFE were determined to be equivalent
Earth Sensor Assembly for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Observatory
EDO Corporation/Barnes Engineering Division (BED) has provided the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Earth Sensor Assembly (ESA), a key element in the TRMM spacecraft's attitude control system. This report documents the history, design, fabrication, assembly, and test of the ESA
Exploration of High elevation liana colonies on Mt. Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia
One hundred forty-five individual lianas were distributed on 2 East facing ridges on the second highest mountain on Java, Mt. Slamet (3418 m.), Central Java, Indonesia. Twenty one colonies were observed on small flat areas on ridges. The liana species observed include: Embelia pergamacea, Toddalia asiatica, Elaeagnus latifolia, Schefflera lucida, Vaccinium laurifolium and Lonicera javanica. Diameter of each liana was measured and liana density/flat area calculated. Floristic collecting was under- taken within the elevational gradient of liana distribution. Data suggest an ecotone transition from lower to upper mon- tane forest is observed between 2200 and 2300 m, though forest types are difficult to determine due to disturbance caused by fire at the upper elevations. Observing lianas at these unusuall high elevations with near pluvial rainfall, con- tradict established scientific theory concerning global distribution and abundance of lianas
Long-Ranged Correlations in Sheared Fluids
The presence of long-ranged correlations in a fluid undergoing uniform shear
flow is investigated. An exact relation between the density autocorrelation
function and the density-mometum correlation function implies that the former
must decay more rapidly than , in contrast to predictions of simple mode
coupling theory. Analytic and numerical evaluation of a non-perturbative
mode-coupling model confirms a crossover from behavior at ''small''
to a stronger asymptotic power-law decay. The characteristic length scale is
where is the sound damping
constant and is the shear rate.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures. Submitted to PR
Void Ratio and Shear Strength of Two Compacted Crushed Stones
Triaxial compression tests of two crushed limestones of differing highway service records indicate a fundamental difference in their shear strength-void ratio relationship. Analyses were based on stress parameters at minimum sample volume, i.e., before there was significant sample dilation due to shear. The better service record sample compacted to higher density, and had a high effective angle of internal friction and zero effective cohesion. The other sample compacted to lower density and had a lower friction angle, but gained significant stability from effective cohesion. Repeated loading-unloading cycles reduced the cohesion, apparently due to modification of the sample structure. Extrapolations of the results to zero void ratio agree with sliding friction data reported on calcite, or with triaxial parameters reported on carbonate rocks
Theoretical Properties of Projection Based Multilayer Perceptrons with Functional Inputs
Many real world data are sampled functions. As shown by Functional Data
Analysis (FDA) methods, spectra, time series, images, gesture recognition data,
etc. can be processed more efficiently if their functional nature is taken into
account during the data analysis process. This is done by extending standard
data analysis methods so that they can apply to functional inputs. A general
way to achieve this goal is to compute projections of the functional data onto
a finite dimensional sub-space of the functional space. The coordinates of the
data on a basis of this sub-space provide standard vector representations of
the functions. The obtained vectors can be processed by any standard method. In
our previous work, this general approach has been used to define projection
based Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs) with functional inputs. We study in this
paper important theoretical properties of the proposed model. We show in
particular that MLPs with functional inputs are universal approximators: they
can approximate to arbitrary accuracy any continuous mapping from a compact
sub-space of a functional space to R. Moreover, we provide a consistency result
that shows that any mapping from a functional space to R can be learned thanks
to examples by a projection based MLP: the generalization mean square error of
the MLP decreases to the smallest possible mean square error on the data when
the number of examples goes to infinity
Transport Far From Equilibrium --- Uniform Shear Flow
The BGK model kinetic equation is applied to spatially inhomogeneous states
near steady uniform shear flow. The shear rate of the reference steady state
can be large so the states considered include those very far from equilibrium.
The single particle distribution function is calculated exactly to first order
in the deviations of the hydrodynamic field gradients from their values in the
reference state. The corresponding non-linear hydrodynamic equaitons are
obtained and the set of transport coefficients are identified as explicit
functions of the shear rate. The spectrum of the linear hydrodynamic equation
is studied in detail and qualitative differences from the spectrum for
equilibrium fluctuations are discussed. Conditions for instabilities at long
wavelengths are identified and disccused.Comment: 32 pages, 1 figure, RevTeX, submitted to Phys. Rev.
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