Externalities in the light of selected spatial economy issues - contribution to the discussion

Purpose: The aim of research is to identify major differences between externality effects and spillover effects. It discusses selected spillover effects in spatial planning and it attempts to identify interdependencies between implemented spatial management and the resulting spillover effects. Design/Methodology/Approach: The identification and assessment of endogenous relationships in implemented spatial policies as part of a specific spatial economy and spatial management is not an easy task. The assessment was made based on a review and an analysis of available literature. In issuing own opinions, scientific research in which the author of the text actively participated, was also important. Findings: Who causes negative externalities is obliged to compensate for the losses suffered by those injured. It may be financial satisfaction, investment in infrastructure, investment into the investment fund, etc. Those who generate effects should strive to eliminate them, e.g., by changing the form of land use or organizing production - which may also be subject to government compensation. Practical Implications: The paper presents major differences between externalities and spatial spillover in the context of space management and spatial economy. The distinction may be required to determine the prices and benefits of spatial economy. Originality/Value: The proposed spatial spillover effects are the core of external effects generated by spatial planning. The author answers the question about the sources of external effects in spatial planning. What or who causes external effects? In addition, it is worth asking a research question to what extent it is possible to scientifically analyse the spatial spillover effect and whether it is possible to indicate all external effects generated by spatial planning at all.peer-reviewe

Lamb shift in He+: Resolution of a discrepancy between theory and experiment

The Lamb shift in helium ions were investigated to verify or remove a discrepancy between theory and experiment by the anisotropy method. The method was used for the elimination of residual polarization sensitivity of the photon detectors. The results showed that the experimental value of a Lamb shift were in agreement with the theoretical values

1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) produces procognitive but not antipsychotic-like effects in rats

© 2014 The Author(s). Rationale: In addition to the negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia, cognitive deficits, including prefrontal cortical dysfunction, are now recognized as core features of this disorder. Compounds increasing the NMDA receptor function via the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors have been proposed as potential antipsychotics. Depending on the ambient concentrations of glutamate and glycine, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) behaves as either a partial agonist or a functional antagonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors. Objectives: We investigated the procognitive and antipsychotic-like effects of ACPC in rats treated with phencyclidine (PCP) or ketamine (KET), compounds that produce psychotic-like symptoms in humans and laboratory animals. Methods: Cognitive effects were investigated in the novel object recognition (NOR) and attentional set-shifting tests (ASST). In addition, the effects of ACPC were investigated in PCP-induced hyperactivity, conditioned avoidance response (CAR), and prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests. The effects on attention and impulsivity were measured in the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT). Results: ACPC (200-400 mg/kg) inhibited memory fading in naive rats and like clozapine prevented PCP- and KET-induced amnesia in the NOR. In naive animals, ACPC at 400 but not 200 mg/kg enhanced cognitive flexibility in the ASST, as the animals required fewer trials to reach the criteria during the extra-dimensional phase. In contrast, ACPC did not affect PCP-induced hyperactivity, CAR, and PPI as well as attention and impulsivity in the 5-CSRTT. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that ACPC enhanced both object recognition memory and cognitive flexibility dependent on the prefrontal cortex, but did not affect impulsivity nor exhibit an antipsychotic-like profile.This study was supported by the Statutory Funds of the Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences. RT is supported by grant SAF2011-23550Peer Reviewe