Darwinian transformation of a 'scarcely nutritious fluid' into milk

In an early challenge to an aspect of Darwin’s theory of natural selection, Jackson Mivart contended that milk could not have evolved ‘from a scarcely nutritious fluid from an accidentally hypertrophied cutaneous gland’. The evolutionary change from a gland secretion to milk involves an increase in calcium and protein concentrations by up to 100- and 1000-fold, respectively. Even so, the challenge, we suggest, is not just a problem of scale. An increase in the concentrations of calcium and phosphate brings an increased risk of calcification of the secretory gland because calcium phosphate is highly insoluble. In addition, two of the four constituent milk casein proteins (κ and αS2) aggregate to produce toxic amyloid fibrils. It is proposed that both problems were solved through the cosecretion of ancestral β- and κ-caseins to form a stable amorphous aggregate of both proteins with sequestered amorphous calcium phosphate, that is, a primordial casein micelle. Evolutionarily, a gradual increase in the concentration of casein micelles could therefore produce progressively more nutritious fluids for the neonate without endangering the reproductive potential of the mother

Space station support of manned Mars missions

The assembly of a manned Mars interplanetary spacecraft in low Earth orbit can be best accomplished with the support of the space station. Station payload requirements for microgravity environments of .001 g and pointing stability requirements of less than 1 arc second could mean that the spacecraft may have to be assembled at a station-keeping position about 100 meters or more away from the station. In addition to the assembly of large modules and connective structures, the manned Mars mission assembly tasks may include the connection of power, fluid, and data lines and the handling and activation of components for chemical or nuclear power and propulsion systems. These assembly tasks will require the use of advanced automation and robotics in addition to Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle and Extravehicular Activity (EVA) crew support. Advanced development programs for the space station, including on-orbit demonstrations, could also be used to support manned Mars mission technology objectives. Follow-on studies should be conducted to identify space station activities which could be enhanced or expanded in scope (without significant cost and schedule impact) to help resolve key technical and scientific questions relating to manned Mars missions

Spaceport operations for deep space missions

Space Station Freedom is designed with the capability to cost-effectively evolve into a transportation node which can support manned lunar and Mars missions. To extend a permanent human presence to the outer planets (moon outposts) and to nearby star systems, additional orbiting space infrastructure and great advances in propulsion system and other technologies will be required. To identify primary operations and management requirements for these deep space missions, an interstellar design concept was developed and analyzed. The assembly, test, servicing, logistics resupply, and increment management techniques anticipated for lunar and Mars missions appear to provide a pattern which can be extended in an analogous manner to deep space missions. A long range, space infrastructure development plan (encompassing deep space missions) coupled with energetic, breakthrough level propulsion research should be initiated now to assist in making the best budget and schedule decisions

Field resonance propulsion concept

A propulsion concept was developed based on a proposed resonance between coherent, pulsed electromagnetic wave forms, and gravitational wave forms (or space-time metrics). Using this concept a spacecraft propulsion system potentially capable of galactic and intergalactic travel without prohibitive travel times was designed. The propulsion system utilizes recent research associated with magnetic field line merging, hydromagnetic wave effects, free-electron lasers, laser generation of megagauss fields, and special structural and containment metals. The research required to determine potential, field resonance characteristics and to evaluate various aspects of the spacecraft propulsion design is described

The rehabilitation of offenders diagnosed with severe mental illness

Section A: This paper reviews the existing theoretical and empirical literature of relevance to offenders with severe mental illness (SMI) in the UK. Due to the lack of theory accounting for progress through forensic mental health services (FMHS) as currently constituted, the adjacent areas of mental health recovery and forensic rehabilitation are the major focus. Relevant empirical literature is synthesised and critically evaluated and this paper concludes by (a) summarising research challenges that remain pertinent to this area of enquiry and (b) outlining recommendations as to how research can usefully proceed. Section B: The UK’s increasing recognition of offenders with SMI and the lack of a theoretical account specific to this group provided the rationale for this study. The aim was to develop a preliminary model of the ways offenders with SMI progress through FMHS towards reintegration with the community. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven FMHS-users and three FMHS staff members. Grounded theory was used to build a preliminary model, which contained six main categories: learning about and managing mental health, establishing facilitative relationships with staff, moving on from prison and early experiences of FMHS, developing self-direction, doing work in therapy, and managing wider support networks. Findings extend existing literature by providing a preliminary theoretical account of the multiple domains that influence progression of offenders with SMI towards reintegration with the community. Results are discussed with regard to the existing literature and clinical implications are outlined. Recommendations for future research are made. Section C: In order to reflect upon the process of conducting this project, the author considers four questions: (1) what research skills have been developed and what skills continue to require development?, (2) what would be done differently were this project to be repeated?, (3) what changes in clinical practice will occur as a consequence of this research?, and (4) what areas would future research focus on and how would this be approached

Sterilizable liquid propulsion system Quarterly progress report, 2 Jan. - 31 Mar. 1967

Basic design, component selection, and materials compatibility tests for sterilizable liquid bipropellant propulsion syste

Estimating Post-harvest Benefits from Increases in Commercial Fish Catches with Implications for Remediation of Impingement and Entrainment Losses at Power Plants

A variety of regulations may affect commercial fish catches. We take here as a case in point steps to reduce losses of aquatic organisms due to impingement and entrainment (I&E) at power plants. Methods to evaluate the benefits of such measures are needed for benefit-cost analysis. We use a new approach to estimating ex vessel demand by Holt and Bishop (2002) to address the portion of the benefits that occur post-harvest, that is, down the marketing chain after fishermen sell their catches. The model deals with the dockside prices and quantities for six major commercial species harvested from the U.S. Great Lakes. We use the model to explore the potential magnitude of post-harvest benefits for Great Lakes fisheries. We then turn to a possible approach to benefits transfer for cases where such a model is not available. A semi-realistic case example involving I&E losses to Great Lakes fisheries illustrates how benefits transfer would work.

Highly extinguished emission line outflows in the young radio source PKS 1345+12

(Abridged) We present new, intermediate resolution spectra (~4A) of the compact radio source PKS 1345+12. Our spectra clearly show extended line emission (~20kpc) consistent with the asymmetric halo of diffuse emission observed in optical and infra-red images. In the nucleus we observe complex emission line profiles requiring 3 Gaussian components (narrow, intermediate and broad). The broadest component (FWHM ~2000 km/s) is blue shifted by ~2000 km/s with respect to the galaxy halo and HI absorption. We interpret this as material in outflow. We find evidence for high reddening and measure E(B-V)>0.92 for the broadest component. From [S II]6716,6731 we estimate electron densities of n_e5300 cm^{-3} and n_{e}>4200 cm^{-3} for the regions emitting the narrow, intermediate and broad components respectively. We calculate a total mass of line emitting gas of M_{gas}<10^6 solar masses. Not all emission line profiles can be reproduced by the same model: [O I]6300,6363 and [S II] require separate, unique models. We argue that PKS 1345+12 is a young radio source whose nuclear regions are enshrouded in a dense cocoon of gas and dust. The radio jets are expanding, sweeping material out of the nuclear regions. Emission originates from three kinematically distinct regions though gradients (e.g. density, ionisation potential, acceleration) must exist across the regions responsible for the emission of the intermediate and broad components.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 13 pages, 8 postscript figure

The impact of the warm outflow in the young (GPS) radio source & ULIRG PKS 1345+12 (4C 12.50)

(Abridged) We present new deep VLT/FORS optical spectra with intermediate resolution and large wavelength coverage of the GPS radio source and ULIRG PKS1345+12 (4C12.50; z=0.122), taken with the aim of investigating the impact of the nuclear activity on the circumnuclear ISM. PKS1345+12 is a powerful quasar and is also the best studied case of an emission line outflow in a ULIRG. Using the density sensitive transauroral emission lines [S II]4068,4076 and [O II]7318,7319,7330,7331, we pilot a new technique to accurately model the electron density for cases in which it is not possible to use the traditional diagnostic [S II]6716/6731, namely sources with highly broadened complex emission line profiles and/or high (Ne > 10^4 cm^-3) electron densities. We measure electron densities of Ne=2.94x10^3 cm^-3, Ne=1.47x10^4 cm^-3 and Ne=3.16x10^5 cm^-3 for the regions emitting the narrow, broad and very broad components respectively. We calculate a total mass outflow rate of 8 M_sun yr^-1. We estimate the total mass in the warm gas outflow is 8x10^5 M_sun. The total kinetic power in the warm outflow is 3.4x10^42 erg s^-1. We find that only a small fraction (0.13% of Lbol) of the available accretion power is driving the warm outflow, significantly less than currently required by the majority of quasar feedback models (~5-10\% of Lbol), but similar to recent findings by Hopkins et al. (2010) for a two-stage feedback model. The models also predict that AGN outflows will eventually remove the gas from the bulge of the host galaxy. The visible warm outflow in PKS1345+12 is not currently capable of doing so. However, it is entirely possible that much of the outflow is either obscured by a dense and dusty natal cocoon and/or in cooler or hotter phases of the ISM. This result is important not just for studies of young (GPS/CSS) radio sources, but for AGN in general.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 11 pages, 4 figure

Abundance and distribution of larval fishes and shrimps in the Laguna Madre, Texas : a hypersaline lagoon

To Texas Water Development BoardContract nos. IAC (88-89)1636 and (90-91)0751October 1990Tidal inlets connecting the Gulf of Mexico with estuarine waters are widely spaced and relatively narrow along the Texas coast. These inlets provide the sole route for ingress of larvae to the estuary for estuarine-dependent marine species and the egress of juveniles and sub-adults of these species back to the ocean. This study was an investigation of the abundance and distribution of ichthyoplankton of selected fishes and shrimps in an area where the opening and maintenance of a new tidal pass has been proposed in the Laguna Madre, a sub-tropical, hypersaline lagoon along the southern Texas coast. Surface and bottom ichthyoplankton samples were taken bimonthly in four zones in the Laguna Madre in areas which were directly influenced by tidal inlets from the Gulf of Mexico and areas isolated from such connections. Seasonal composition of the ichthyoplankton was similar to that reported from other Gulf of Mexico and southeastern United States estuaries with winter catches dominated by offshore spawners and summer catches dominated by inshore and estuarine spawners. The pelagic larvae of three species of estuarine spawners, bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), and black drum (Pogonias cromis), were common throughout the Laguna Madre at salinities up to 50°/00. Pelagic larvae of offshore spawners were abundant only in the area near the tidal inlet and only a few individuals were found dispersed throughout the lagoon. The majority of these species are distributed throughout the Laguna Madre as juveniles but the dispersion or advection of these species to areas not closely associated with tidal inlets occurs at development stages older than the pelagic larval stage. These data suggest that opening and maintaining a tidal inlet in the upper Laguna Madre would increase the opportunity for recruitment of larvae of offshore spawners into an area currently unoccupied by these life-history stages.Marine Scienc