Technology capital transfer

It is widely believed that an important factor underlying the rapid growth in China is increased foreign direct investment (FDI) and the transfer of foreign technology capital, which is accumulated know-how from investment in research and development (R&D), brands, and organizations that is not specific to a plant. In this paper, we study two channels through which FDI can contribute to upgrading of the stock of technology capital: knowledge spillovers and appropriation. Knowledge spillovers lead to new ideas that do not directly compete or devalue the foreign affiliate’s stock. Appropriation, on the other hand, implies a redistribution of property rights over patents and trademarks; the gain to domestic companies comes at a loss to the multinational company (MNC). In this paper we build these sources of technology capital transfer into the framework developed by McGrattan and Prescott (2009, 2010) and introduce an endogenously-chosen intensity margin for operating technology capital in order to capture the trade-offs MNCs face when expanding their markets internationally. We show that economic outcomes differ dramatically depending on the source of greater openness and the channel with which technology capital transfer is operative.

Remote Sensing of Evaporation

Evaporation of water from the Earth's surface into the atmosphere is central to the terrestrial energy, water and carbon cycle. Remote sensing approaches to measure evaporation (ET) combine observable inputs to the energy and water balance within statistical or process-based methodologies. These ET products draw on satellite observations from across the electro-magnetic spectrum. The ET retrievals are grouped in two main categories. One category includes approaches that combine meteorological descriptions of potential evaporation with a range of strategies to estimate evaporative stress. A second category includes surface energy balance approaches that retrieve latent heat from the thermal signatures. For each category a practical implementation example is described, including an outlook on progress towards multi-model assessment of global evaporation

Efficiency of cinch on brome grass control.

85GE34, 85A11, 85A12

Experimental. Summary 1982 trials.

Brome grass, Barley grass, Silver grass, Rye grass, Tank mixes for minimum tillage, Grass herbicides for pastures. 82N41, 82BA48, 82WH44, 82N38, 82GL39, 82Ge40, 82TS39, 82Lg43, 82Ba47, 82WH47, 82Lg44, 82Me65, 82Lg43, 82Nr10, 82MT46, 82N39, 82Ba45, 82LG48, 82M48, 82Na34, 82Ka38, 82WH45, 82Ba46 and 82N40

Seed set control. competition. Herbicide efficiency. Herbicide trials.

Seed set control 83M60 - Barley grass 83Na54 – Barley grass 83A4 – Rye grass 83N50 – Brome grass Competition 84A12 – Brome grass 84A10 – Silver grass 84A6 – Barley grass Herbicide efficiency 84A7 - Brome grass : Hoegrass pre-emergent Herbicide trials 84A11 – Barley grass : Glean mixture 84A13 – Barley grass : Isoproturon 84A15 – Brome grass : Glean mixtures 84A16 - Brome grass : Hoegrass, Donsanex, AC222293 84A9 – Silver grass : lsoproturon, Yield, trifulualin, AC222293, Dosanex 84A14 – Rye grass : Hoegrass following Glean 84A19 – SD-95481 : Grasses controlled 84A20 – CME12701 : Evaluation for grass control 84N24 – SD-95481 : Ryegrass control 84N25 - Ryegrass : Hoegrass preplant, Isoproturon, Dosanex 84N26 – Ryegrass : Isoproturon plus FR1078/

Ryegrass, barley, wildoats, Isoproturon, Kerb, Glean, silver grass, brome trials, Hoegrass

1983 Summary – trials reported. 83ME48 - Ryegrass - Glean and Hoegrass 83ME68 A&B - Barley Grass - Glean, Bladex 83ME69 - Brome Grass - Herbicides 83ME70 - Barley Grass - Mixtures 83ME71 - Wildoats Herbicides 83ME72 - Timing Spraying Ryegrass 83ME73 - Isoproturon - Barley Grass 82BA46 - Kerb Residues 82N40 - Kerb Residues 83N38 - Glean on Oats 83N39 - Efficiency of SSH on Barley Grass 83N40 - Barley Grass Effect on Crop Density 83N41 - Silver Grass Competition 83N42 - Brome Control by SSH 0800 Affected by crop Density 83N43 - Silver Grass Herbicides 83N50 - Hoegrass Following Glean 83WH45 - Barley Grass-SSH 0860 Efficiency 83WH46 - Barley Grass - Crop Density 83WH47 - Silver Grass Competition with Wheat 83WH48 - Silver Grass Herbicides 83WH49 - Brome Grass Competition with Whea

Mental Health Services: An International Perspective

This paper provides an introduction to this special edition on international mental health perspectives. The importance of an international perspective is discussed and key questions are raised to provide the reader with a frame of reference for examining the mental health systems in the countries presented. An orientation to some of the current mental health issues in Europe, the United States, and developing countries is given as point of comparison for the reader. Questions discussed relate to the status of institutional care, outpatient services, the composition of mental health staff, the role of community interventions and prevention, and the availability and accessibility of mental health services

Manipulating nanoscale structure to control functionality in printed organic photovoltaic, transistor and bioelectronic devices.

Printed electronics is simultaneously one of the most intensely studied emerging research areas in science and technology and one of the fastest growing commercial markets in the world today. For the past decade the potential for organic electronic (OE) materials to revolutionize this printed electronics space has been widely promoted. Such conviction in the potential of these carbon-based semiconducting materials arises from their ability to be dissolved in solution, and thus the exciting possibility of simply printing a range of multifunctional devices onto flexible substrates at high speeds for very low cost using standard roll-to-roll printing techniques. However, the transition from promising laboratory innovations to large scale prototypes requires precise control of nanoscale material and device structure across large areas during printing fabrication. Maintaining this nanoscale material control during printing presents a significant new challenge that demands the coupling of OE materials and devices with clever nanoscience fabrication approaches that are adapted to the limited thermodynamic levers available. In this review we present an update on the strategies and capabilities that are required in order to manipulate the nanoscale structure of large area printed organic photovoltaic (OPV), transistor and bioelectronics devices in order to control their device functionality. This discussion covers a range of efforts to manipulate the electroactive ink materials and their nanostructured assembly into devices, and also device processing strategies to tune the nanoscale material properties and assembly routes through printing fabrication. The review finishes by highlighting progress in printed OE devices that provide a feedback loop between laboratory nanoscience innovations and their feasibility in adapting to large scale printing fabrication. The ability to control material properties on the nanoscale whilst simultaneously printing functional devices on the square metre scale is prompting innovative developments in the targeted nanoscience required for OPV, transistor and biofunctional devices

Microwave Implementation of Two-Source Energy Balance Approach for Estimating Evapotranspiration

A newly developed microwave (MW) land surface temperature (LST) product is used to substitute thermal infrared (TIR) based LST in the Atmosphere Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) modelling framework for estimating ET from space. ALEXI implements a two-source energy balance (TSEB) land surface scheme in a time-differential approach, designed to minimize sensitivity to absolute biases in input records of LST through the analysis of the rate of temperature change in the morning. Thermal infrared (TIR) retrievals of the diurnal LST curve, traditionally from geostationary platforms, are hindered by cloud cover, reducing model coverage on any given day. This study tests the utility of diurnal temperature information retrieved from a constellation of satellites with microwave radiometers that together provide 6-8 observations of Ka-band brightness temperature per location per day. This represents the first ever attempt at a global implementation of ALEXI with MW-based LST and is intended as the first step towards providing all-weather capability to the ALEXI framework. The analysis is based on 9-year long, global records of ALEXI ET generated using both MW and TIR based diurnal LST information as input. In this study, the MW-LST sampling is restricted to the same clear sky days as in the IR-based implementation to be able to analyse the impact of changing the LST dataset separately from the impact of sampling all-sky conditions. The results show that long-term bulk ET estimates from both LST sources agree well, with a spatial correlation of 92% for total ET in the Europe/Africa domain and agreement in seasonal (3-month) totals of 83-97 % depending on the time of year. Most importantly, the ALEXI-MW also matches ALEXI-IR very closely in terms of 3-month inter-annual anomalies, demonstrating its ability to capture the development and extent of drought conditions. Weekly ET output from the two parallel ALEXI implementations is further compared to a common ground measured reference provided by the FLUXNET consortium. Overall, the two model implementations generate similar performance metrics (correlation and RMSE) for all but the most challenging sites in terms of spatial heterogeneity and level of aridity. It is concluded that a constellation of MW satellites can effectively be used to provide LST for estimating ET through ALEXI, which is an important step towards all-sky satellite-based retrieval of ET using an energy balance framework