Questions, Answers, Polarity and Head Movement in Germanic and Finnish

The paper investigates the consequences of combining the following two assumptions: (a) The English negation n’t is an inflection, and (b) suffixed forms are derived in the syntax by head movement with left-adjunction. An immediate consequence is that Neg must c-command T. This entails that inversion in negative yes/no-questions (YNQs) is not T-to-C but Neg-to-C, or, if Neg is Pol(arity) with negative value, Pol-to-C. This in turn makes possible viewing inversion in YNQs as a special case of wh-movement. It also makes possible analyzing inversion in Germanic as essentially the same as in Finnish, where the negation overtly undergoes movement in negative YNQs. It also provides the basis for a theory of the syntax of replies toYNQs, including negative questions

The “When” and the “What”: Effects of Self-Control of Feedback about Multiple Critical Movement Features on Motor Performance and Learning

The effect of allowing learners to control selected aspect(s) of their learning environment (e.g., augmented feedback) has been shown to be beneficial during skill acquisition. Although Chiviacowsky and Wulf (2002, 2005) indicated that learners in a self-control protocol preferred feedback after so-called good performances rather than bad ones, Aiken, Fairbrother, & Post (2012) found no such preference in learners using video knowledge of performance (KP) for a basketball set shot. Laughlin (2012) reported that participants given self-control over four different types of instructional assistance displayed individualized request patterns tied to task proficiency and personal preferences. For example, learners’ requests for knowledge of results (KR) increased throughout acquisition while those for KP decreased. Together, Aiken et al. (2012) and Laughlin (2012) indicated that learner’s decisions about the timing and content of requested feedback are more complex than previously demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to examine feedback request behaviors and self-control effects in a protocol allowing learners to manage the provision of KP about four different critical features of a fairly complex task (ergometer rowing). The use of KP allowed an exploration of how learners’ feedback requests were tied to their success on each movement element and their perceptions of proficiency. The inclusion of a yoked control group extended Laughlin’s design to test whether or not a self-control benefit would be seen in a protocol that placed a relatively high information-management burden on the participants. Results revealed that the Self-Control (SC) group achieved significantly higher mean form scores during acquisition and retention, and also significantly lower heart rate during retention compared to the yoked (YK) group. Additionally, responses to a post-practice interview showed that SC participants’ requests for KP followed both good and bad trials, and were used for both error correction and confirmation of success. These findings indicated that self-control of KP for multiple critical features benefits learning of a complex task. The pattern of KP requests indicated that participants generally focused on the easier critical features early in practice. Moreover, participants used KP more for correction early, but increased its use for success confirmation as they gained proficiency

Primary care consultation, hospital admission, sick leave and disability pension owing to neck and low back pain: a 12-year prospective cohort study in a rural population

BACKGROUND: Neck and low back pain are common musculoskeletal complaints generating large societal costs in Western populations. In this study we evaluate the magnitude of long-term health outcomes for neck and low back pain, taking possible confounders into account. METHOD: A cohort of 2,351 Swedish male farmers and rural non-farmers (40–60 years old) was established in 1989. In the first survey, conducted in 1990–91, 1,782 men participated. A 12-year follow-up survey was made in 2002–03 and 1,405 men participated at both times. After exclusion of 58 individuals reporting a specific back diagnosis in 1990–91, the study cohort encompassed 1,347 men. The health outcomes primary care consultation, hospital admission, sick leave and disability pension were assessed in structured interviews in 2002–03 (survey 2). Symptoms and potential confounders were assessed at survey 1, with the exception of rating of depression and anxiety, which was assessed at survey 2. Multiple logistic regression generating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) was performed to adjust the associations between reported symptoms and health outcomes for potential confounders (age, farming, workload, education, demand and control at work, body mass index, smoking, snuff use, alcohol consumption, psychiatric symptoms and specific back diagnoses during follow up). RESULTS: Of the 836 men reporting current neck and/or low back pain at survey 1, 21% had had at least one primary care consultation for neck or low back problems, 7% had been on sick leave and 4% had disability pension owing to the condition during the 12 year follow up. Current neck and/or low back pain at survey 1 predicted primary care consultations (OR = 4.10, 95% CI 2.24–7.49) and sick leave (OR = 3.22, 95% CI 1.13–9.22) after potential confounders were considered. Lower education and more psychiatric symptoms were independently related to sick leave. Lower education and snuff use independently predicted disability pension. CONCLUSION: Few individuals with neck or low back pain were on sick leave or were granted a disability pension owing to neck or low back problems during 12 years of follow up. Symptoms at baseline independently predicted health outcomes. Educational level and symptoms of depression/anxiety were important modifiers

Grundtvig som kontextuell teolog

Grundtvig as a Contextual TheologianBy Anders HolmbergA comparison between Swedish and Danish theology and church life makes it clear that Grundtvig has affected Denmark in a way that has no immediate parallel in Sweden. The point of departure for Holmberg’s study is the assumption that this is due to the unique concord between Grundtvig’s theology and the Danish society in the 19th century. This concord is illustrated by the inclusion of the concept of »contextual theology« which has played an importantrole in the Swedish theological scholarship of recent years, owing to the Anglo-Saxon influence on Swedish theology. The concept of contextual theology is explained on the basis of the American theologian Stephen B. Bevans’s discussion of the concept. With this approach Holmberg wants to throw light on Grundtvig’s theological method rather than his final result. Thus, the goal is to be able to answer the question whether Grundtvig’s theology can be described as a contextual theology. For this purpose, one of Grundtvig’s principal works, Den christelige B.rnel.rdom (Elemental Christian Teaching) is used.In his account of contextual theology Bevans distinguishes between five different methods, all of them serving to illuminate the relationship between Christian faith and the surrounding contemporary culture. The terms he uses for these methods are 1) the translation model, 2) the anthropological model, 3) the practise model, 4) the synthesis model, and 5) the transcendental model.Holmberg believes that elements of Grundtvig’s theology can be elucidated on the basis of all five methods, but concludes that especially the anthropological and the transcendental models harmonize with Grundtvig’s theology.The anthropological model assumes that the revelation of God takes place spontaneously in culture. It is not possible to distinguish between the Christian identity and culture since faith finds its true expression in man’s own language and culture. This is reminiscent of Grundtvig’s ideas about Christianity and folk culture, even though, with his emphasis on the Apostolic Creed as the foundation of Christianity, Grundtvig defines the identity of the Christian faith with greater precision than is the case with the anthropological model. Compared with that model, Grundtvig is also more firmly attached to the Christian tradition than to contemporary culture. The fact that Danish culture was completely saturated with Christian faith at the time of Grundtvig finds expression in his ideas about the interaction of Christianity and folk culture. This is in keeping with the anthropological model.The transcendental model operates with an individual believer as its starting- point, since it explains how this individual’s religious experience is expressed authentically through actual cultural conditions. In continuation of Svend Bjerg’s research, Holmberg maintains that Grundtvig’s theology is based precisely on the experiences of his own life, and that consequently his theology has since been able to lead to similar life experiences.On the background of his analyses Holmberg concludes that it is possible to regard Grundtvig as a contextual theologian. Continuing this line of thought, he points out that it is difficult in our time to make direct use of Grundtvig’s theological thinking in an attempt to formulate the Christian faith in a present-day Nordic context. It is, however, quite possible to learn from Grundtvig’s working method

Antitrust, the Gig Economy, and Labor Market Power

The purpose of the current study was to develop and validate an automatic algorithm for classification of cross-country (XC) ski-skating gears (G) using Smartphone accelerometer data. Eleven XC skiers (seven men, four women) with regional-to-international levels of performance carried out roller skiing trials on a treadmill using fixed gears (G2left, G2right, G3, G4left, G4right) and a 950-m trial using different speeds and inclines, applying gears and sides as they normally would. Gear classification by the Smartphone (on the chest) and based on video recordings were compared. Formachine-learning, a collective database was compared to individual data. The Smartphone application identified the trials with fixed gears correctly in all cases. In the 950-m trial, participants executed 140 ± 22 cycles as assessed by video analysis, with the automatic Smartphone application giving a similar value. Based on collective data, gears were identified correctly 86.0% ± 8.9% of the time, a value that rose to 90.3% ± 4.1% (P < 0.01) with machine learning from individual data. Classification was most often incorrect during transition between gears, especially to or from G3. Identification was most often correct for skiers who made relatively few transitions between gears. The accuracy of the automatic procedure for identifying G2left, G2right, G3, G4left and G4right was 96%, 90%, 81%, 88% and 94%, respectively. The algorithm identified gears correctly 100% of the time when a single gear was used and 90% of the time when different gears were employed during a variable protocol. This algorithm could be improved with respect to identification of transitions between gears or the side employed within a given gear

Ambulance clinicians’ attitudes to older patients’ self‐determination when the patient has impaired decision‐making ability: A Delphi study

Abstract: Objective: The proportion of older people is increasing and reflects in the demand on ambulance services (AS). Patients can be more vulnerable and increasingly dependent, especially when their decision‐making ability is impaired. Self‐determination in older people has a positive relation to quality of life and can raise ethical conflicts in AS. Hence, the aim of this study was to empirically explore attitudes among Swedish ambulance clinicians (ACs) regarding older patients’ self‐determination in cases where patients have impaired decision‐making ability, and who are in urgent need of care. Materials and methods: An explorative design was adopted. A Delphi technique was used, comprising four rounds, involving a group (N = 31) of prehospital emergency nurses (n = 14), registered nurses (n = 10) and emergency medical technicians (n = 7). Focus group conversations (Round 1) and questionnaires (Rounds 2–4) generated data. Round 1 was analysed using manifest content analysis, which ultimately resulted in the creation of discrete items. Each item was rated with a five‐point Likert scale together with free‐text answers. Consensus (≥70%) was calculated by trichotomising the Likert scale. Results: Round 1 identified 108 items which were divided into four categories: (1) attitudes regarding the patient (n = 35), (2) attitudes regarding the patient relationship (n = 8), (3) attitudes regarding oneself and one's colleagues (n = 45), and (4) attitudes regarding other involved factors (n = 20). In Rounds 2–4, one item was identified in the free text from Round 2, generating a total of 109 items. After four rounds, 72 items (62%) reached consensus. Conclusions: The findings highlight the complexity of ACs’ attitudes towards older patients’ self‐determination. The respect of older patients’ self‐determination is challenged by the patient, other healthcare personnel, significant others and/or colleagues. The study provided a unique opportunity to explore self‐determination and shared decision‐making. AS have to provide continued ethical training, for example to increase the use of simulation‐based training or moral case deliberations in order to strengthen the ACs’ moral abilities within their professional practice. Implications for practice: Ambulance services must develop opportunities to provide continued training within this topic. One option would be to increase the use of simulation‐based training, focusing on ethical aspects of the care. Another option might be to facilitate moral case deliberations to strengthen the ACs’ abilities to manage these issues while being able to share experiences with peers. These types of interventions should illuminate the importance of the topic for the individual AC, which, in turn, may strengthen and develop the caring abilities within an integrated care team.Peer reviewe