Convective aggregation in realistic convective-scale simulations

To investigate the real-world relevance of idealized-model convective self-aggregation, five 15-day cases of real organized convection in the tropics are simulated. These include multiple simulations of each case to test sensitivities of the convective organization and mean states to interactive radiation, interactive surface fluxes, and evaporation of rain. These simulations are compared to self-aggregation seen in the same model configured to run in idealized radiative-convective equilibrium. Analysis of the budget of the spatial variance of column-integrated frozen moist static energy shows that control runs have significant positive contributions to organization from radiation and negative contributions from surface fluxes and transport, similar to idealized runs once they become aggregated. Despite identical lateral boundary conditions for all experiments in each case, systematic differences in mean column water vapor (CWV), CWV distribution shape, and CWV autocorrelation lengthscale are found between the different sensitivity runs, particularly for those without interactive radiation, showing that there are at least some similarities in sensitivities to these feedbacks in both idealized and realistic simulations (although the organization of precipitation shows less sensitivity to interactive radiation). The magnitudes and signs of these systematic differences are consistent with a rough equilibrium between 1) equalization due to advection from the lateral boundaries and 2) disaggregation due to the absence of interactive radiation, implying disaggregation rates comparable to those in idealized runs with aggregated initial conditions and non-interactive radiation. This points to a plausible similarity in the way that radiation feedbacks maintain aggregated convection in both idealized simulations and the real world

Laboratory to the marketplace: scientific challenges in commercializing a phosphate solubilizing microorganism

Non-Peer ReviewedThe commercialization of phosphate inoculant is a challenging process. The active ingredient of the phosphate inoculant JumpStart® (P. bilaiae) was isolated in 1982. Although the concept of P solubilization was proven, much additional research was required. Cost effective manufacturing processes, packaging and QA systems, and easy-to-use, shelf stable formulations needed to be developed. Extensive field research to confirm efficacy was needed. Comprehensive data on compatibility with seed-applied pesticides were required. Development continues to be an on-going process with the use of the product on new crops, improved production methods and formulations, new applications, and continuing market research to monitor changing farmer needs

'Open Marxism' against and beyond the 'Great Enclosure'? Reflections on How (Not) to Crack Capitalism

The main purpose of this article is to provide an in-depth discussion of John Holloway’s recent book, Crack Capitalism. To this end, the paper offers a detailed account of the key strengths and weaknesses of Holloway’s version of ‘open Marxism’. The analysis is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on six significant strengths of Crack Capitalism: (1) its insistence upon the importance of autonomous forms of agenda-setting for both individual and collective emancipation; (2) its emphasis on the ordinary constitution of social struggles; (3) its fine-grained interpretation of the socio-ontological conditions underlying human agency; (4) its processual conception of radical social transformation; (5) its recognition of the elastic, adaptable, and integrative power of capitalism; and (6) its proposal for an alternative critical theory, commonly known as ‘open Marxism’ or ‘autonomous Marxism’. The second part of the study examines the principal weaknesses of Crack Capitalism: (1) the counterproductive implications of the preponderance of negativity, owing to a one-sided concern with critique, cracks, and crises; (2) conceptual vagueness; (3) an overuse of poetic and metaphorical language; (4) the absence of a serious engagement with the question of normativity; (5) a lack of substantive evidence; (6) a residual economic reductionism; (7) a simplistic notion of gender; (8) the continuing presence of various problematic ‘isms’; (9) the misleading distinction between ‘doing’ and ‘labour’; (10) a reductive understanding of capitalism; (11) an unrealistic view of society; and (12) socio-ontological idealis

Hepatitis C and Injection Drug Use: Testing and Linkage to Care

Background: The recent outbreak of HIV infection in Indiana linked to injection drug use demonstrates the importance of timely HIV and Hepatitis C surveillance and rapid response to interrupt disease transmission. An estimated 2.7 – 3.9 million Americans have chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Of those, 50 – 70% are unaware of their infection. People who inject drugs account for more than half of new HCV cases. Within 5 years of beginning injection drug use, 50 – 80% of injection drug users (IDUs) become infected with HCV. Since 2007, HCV-related deaths have surpassed HIV-related deaths. CDC reported 19,368 death certificates listing HCV as a cause of death in 2013, adding that this figure represents a fraction of deaths attributable to HCV. Method: Imagine Hope, supported by a grant from a pharmaceutical company, initiated HCV rapid testing in April 2015. The Georgia-wide project includes 10 agencies serving substance-using populations, including 4 methadone clinics. The project offers free, routine HCV testing and linkage to care. Results: Over the first 12 months of testing, 3,226 clients received HCV antibody testing. Of those, 344 (10.7%) were HCV antibody positive (Ab+), with 186 completing confirmatory RNA testing. Confirmatory tests yielded 132 (71%) RNA positive cases; 56 (42.4%) of these were linked to care. Five clients have achieved sustained viral load suppression which is considered a cure for hepatitis C. Numerous others have begun direct acting antiviral regimens. Conclusion: HCV testing in substance abuse facilities is feasible. Among substance users, HCV prevalence is high and awareness of infection risk is low. Linkage to care is enhanced by the use of a navigator. RNA screening prior to the 1st medical appointment expedites linkage to care; RNA positive clients are more motivated to keep appointments and RNA negative clients do not clog an already burdened system of care for the uninsured

Effect Of Fluocinolone Acetonide Cream On Human Skin Blood Flow

Blood flow rate was measured in the forearm skin of human subjects exposed to ultraviolet irradiation. Blood flow was determined by the 133Xe disappearance technique 18hr after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation with a Westinghouse RS sunlamp held 10 inches from the skin for 10min. Ultraviolet irradiation caused skin blood flow to increase. Application of fluocinolone acetonide cream, 0.025%, 4 times in the 16hr following UV irradiation had no effect on either control skin blood flow or the UV-induced hyperemia

Phenotype X Herbage Allowance Interactions in Reproduction of First Calf Heifers Grazing Semiarid Rangeland

Cattle are differentially adapted to nutritional environments. The most sensitive measure of adaptation is reproduction of first-calf heifers. We studied the role of maturation rate and milk production on reproductive performance of first-calf heifers allowed different levels of herbage in semiarid rangeland

Spectral transform simulations of finite amplitude double-diffusive instabilities in two dimensions

Simulations of double-diffusion with a two-dimensional, vertical plane spectral transform model reveal details of finite amplitude behavior in salt finger, interleaving and diffusive instabilities. Within the range of fluid parameters studied (3 \u3c σ \u3c 10, .1 \u3c r \u3c .5), infinite, fastest-growing fingers are unstable to Holyer\u27s (1984) nonoscillatory instability and are completely disrupted by it. Finite fingers localized on density steps are also disrupted. Initialized density steps are eroded (the gradients reduced). Fluxes and other diagnostic quantities were determined for salt finger fields at statistical stationarity. These fields contain transitory, irregular finger structures. Fluxes decline steeply as Rfp increases. A single point of comparison of buoyancy flux with ocean measurement yielded good agreement. The dependence of flux ratio on the stability parameter is similar to the linear theory prediction for fastest-growing, infinite fingers and does not increase as Rfp approaches 1, in contrast to laboratory measurements. Holyer\u27s (1984) Floquet theory is extended to the case of nonzero, density compensating, horizontal gradients, and, together with the simulation results, encourages the interpretation of the interleaving instability as being sloping salt fingers. A few preliminary simulations of the diffusive regime indicate very complex behavior. A growing oscillatory perturbation can lead to subcritical convective instability. Such motions sharpen initialized density steps. In the presence of a step, unstable motions are supported even when the fluid is linearly stable to both convection and the diffusive mode

An annular gap acceleration model for γ\gamma-ray emission of pulsars

If the binding energy of the pulsar's surface is not so high (the case of a neutron star), both the negative and positive charges will flow out freely from the surface of the star. The annular free flow model for $\gamma$-ray emission of pulsars is suggested in this paper. It is emphasized that: (1). Two kinds of acceleration regions (annular and core) need to be taken into account. The annular acceleration region is defined by the magnetic field lines that cross the null charge surface within the light cylinder. (2). If the potential drop in the annular region of a pulsar is high enough (normally the cases of young pulsars), charges in both the annular and the core regions could be accelerated and produce primary gamma-rays. Secondary pairs are generated in both regions and stream outwards to power the broadband radiations. (3). The potential drop in the annular region grows more rapidly than that in the core region. The annular acceleration process is a key point to produce wide emission beams as observed. (4). The advantages of both the polar cap and outer gap models are retained in this model. The geometric properties of the $\gamma$-ray emission from the annular flow is analogous to that presented in a previous work by Qiao et al., which match the observations well. (5). Since charges with different signs leave the pulsar through the annular and the core regions, respectively, the current closure problem can be partially solved.Comment: 11 pages 2 figures, accepted by Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysic

Ground‐based measurements of NOx and total reactive oxidized nitrogen (NOy) at Sable Island, Nova Scotia, during the NARE 1993 summer intensive

Measurements of NO, NO2, and total reactive oxidized nitrogen (NOy) were added to ongoing measurements of aerosols, CO, and O3 at Sable Island (43°55′N, 60°01′W), Nova Scotia, during the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) 1993 summer intensive. Ambient levels of NOx and NOy were found to be highly variable, and elevated levels can be attributed to the transport of polluted continental air or presumably to relatively fresh emissions from sources upwind (e.g., ship traffic). The median values for NOx and NOy are 98 and 266 parts per trillion by volume (pptv), respectively. A multiday pollution episode occurred during which elevated NOx and NOy were observed with enhanced levels of O3, CO, and condensation nuclei. Air masses of recent tropical marine origin characterized by low and constant levels of O3 and CO were sampled after Hurricane Emily. The correlation between ozone and CO is reasonably good, although the relation is driven by the single pollution episode observed during the study. The correlation of O3 with NOy and with NOy‐NOx is complicated by the presumed NOy removal processes in the marine boundary layer. Examination of the radiosonde data and comparisons of the surface data with those obtained on the overflying aircraft provide clear indications of vertical stratification above the site