Transport of Mars atmospheric water into high northern latitudes during a polar warming

Several numerical experiments were conducted with a simplified tracer transport model in order to attempt to examine the poleward transport of Mars atmospheric water during a polar warming like that which occurred during the winter solstice dust storm of 1977. The flow for the transport experiments was taken from numerical simulations with a nonlinear beta-plane dynamical model. Previous studies with this model have demonstrated that a polar warming having essential characteristics like those observed during the 1977 dust storm can be produced by a planetary wave mechanism analogous to that responsible for terrestrial sudden stratospheric warmings. Several numerical experiments intended to simulate water transport in the absence of any condensation were carried out. These experiments indicate that the flow during a polar warming can transport very substantial amounts of water to high northern latitudes, given that the water does not condense and fall out before reaching the polar region

Numerical simulations of dust transport into northern high latitudes during a Martian polar warming

The formation and evolution of the polar laminated terrain depends on rates of dust transport to the polar caps. A simplified dynamical model is shown similar to models used to simulate terrestrial stratospheric polar warmings could simulate certain observed features of the circulation during Martian global dust storms. Model simulations of dust transport showed that substantial quantities of dust, enough to produce optical depths of approx. 1, could reach the pole during these storms

Investment in Human Capital of a Powerful Interest Group: The Case of the Medical Profession in Britain, France, Sweden and the United States from 1890 to 1970

This paper presents a new agenda for analyzing the consequences from investments in human capital by suggesting that sociological research should focus on particular sectors of society, that performances other than economic growth and productivity should be considered, and that the role of the state influences the impact which investments in human capital have on system performance. The research assesses the impact which investments in doctors and medical specialists have on social effectiveness (measured as reductions in mortality) and social efficiency (the level of health achieved relative to the cost per capita) in Britain, France, Sweden and the United States during the period between 1890 and 1970. In addition to evaluating the impact of investments in human capital on social efficiency and social effectiveness, the paper contributes to the literature on the state by developing measures for assessing the contribution of state structure on system performance. As hypothesized, investments in human capital are socially effective but not socially efficient. When the state intervenes in the delivery of medical care, it has a multiplier effect on the impact of human capital on social effectiveness.Dieses Papier stellt einen neuen Anlauf zur Analyse der Konsequenzen von Investitionen in Humankapital dar, indem es vorschlägt, sich in der Forschung auf spezifische Gesellschaftsbereiche zu konzentrieren, daß Leistungsmaße jenseits ökonomischen Wachstums und ökonomischer Produktivität Berücksichtigung finden. Auch der intervenierende Einfluß des Staates auf die Wirkungen, welche Investitionen in Humankapital auf die Leistungsfähigkeiten des Systems haben, sollte berücksichtigt werden. Die in diesem Aufsatz dargestellte Forschung schätzt die Wirkungen ab, welche Investitionen in Ärzte und medizinische Spezialisten auf die soziale Effektivität (gemessen als Verminderung von Sterblichkeit) und soziale Effizienz (das Gesundheitsniveau im Verhältnis zu den Gesundheitskosten per Einwohner) in Großbritannien, Frankreich, Schweden und den Vereinigten Staaten während des Zeitraums von 1890 bis 1970 hatten. Über diese Evaluation hinaus ist der Aufsatz ein Beitrag zur staatstheoretischen Literatur, indem er Maße entwickelt, mit denen die Wirkung staatlicher Strukturen auf die Leistungsfähigkeit spezifischer Systeme abgeschätzt werden können. Investitionen in Humankapital erweisen sich als sozial effektiv aber nicht effizient. Immer dann, wenn der Staat in das System medizinischer Dienstleistungen eingreift, hat dies einen Multiplikationseffekt hinsichtlich des Einflusses von Humankapital auf soziale Effektivität.1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Framework 2.1 Human Capital and Social Effectiveness 2.2 Human Capital and Social Efficiency 2.3 Physicians-, the State, and Social Performances 3. Research Design, Data, and Methodology 3.1 The Dependent Variables: Social Effectiveness and Social Efficiency 3.2 The Independent Variables 3.3 Data 3.4 Data Analytic Techniques 4. Findings 4.1 Trends in Mortality and Social Efficiency 4.2 Human Capital Investment and Social Effectiveness 4.3 Human Capital Investment and Social Efficiency 5. Discussion Appendix: Data Sources Bibliograph

Molecular characterization of mesophilic and thermophilic sulfate reducing microbial communities in expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors

The microbial communities established in mesophilic and thermophilic expanded granular sludge bed reactors operated with sulfate as the electron acceptor were analyzed using 16S rRNA targeted molecular methods, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, cloning, and phylogenetic analysis. Bacterial and archaeal communities were examined over 450 days of operation treating ethanol (thermophilic reactor) or ethanol and later a simulated semiconductor manufacturing wastewater containing citrate, isopropanol, and polyethylene glycol 300 (mesophilic reactor), with and without the addition of copper(II). Analysis, of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed a defined shift in microbial diversity in both reactors following a change in substrate composition (mesophilic reactor) and in temperature of operation from 30 degrees C to 55 degrees C (thermophilic reactor). The addition of copper(II) to the influent of both reactors did not noticeably affect the composition of the bacterial or archaeal communities, which is in agreement with the very low soluble copper concentrations (3-310 microg l(-1)) present in the reactor contents as a consequence of extensive precipitation of copper with biogenic sulfides. Furthermore, clone library analysis confirmed the phylogenetic diversity of sulfate-reducing consortia in mesophilic and thermophilic sulfidogenic reactors operated with simple substrate

The coverage and frequency of mass drug administration required to eliminate persistent transmission of soil-transmitted helminths

A combination of methods, including mathematical model construction, demographic plus epidemiological data analysis and parameter estimation, are used to examine whether mass drug administration (MDA) alone can eliminate the transmission of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). Numerical analyses suggest that in all but low transmission settings (as defined by the magnitude of the basic reproductive number, R0), the treatment of pre-school-aged children (pre-SAC) and school-aged children (SAC) is unlikely to drive transmission to a level where the parasites cannot persist. High levels of coverage (defined as the fraction of an age group effectively treated) are required in pre-SAC, SAC and adults, if MDA is to drive the parasite below the breakpoint under which transmission is eliminated. Long-term solutions to controlling helminth infections lie in concomitantly improving the quality of the water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). MDA, however, is a very cost-effective tool in long-term control given that most drugs are donated free by the pharmaceutical industry for poor regions of the world. WASH interventions, by lowering the basic reproductive number, can facilitate the ability of MDA to interrupt transmission

Design, processing, and testing of LSI arrays for space station

The development of a low power, high performance MOS 256-bit random assess memory with beam leads is discussed. Beam lead process development on silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) is also discussed, and initial electrical results on beam lead SOS TA5388 devices are presented. A comparison of the beam leaded 256-bit RAM (TA6567) layout is made with the non-beam leaded version (TA6473)

Coupling the Mars Dust and Water Cycles: Investigating the Role of Clouds in Controlling the Vertical Distribution of Dust During N. H. Summer

The dust cycle is critically important for the current climate of Mars. The radiative effects of dust impact the thermal and dynamical state of the atmosphere (Gierasch and Goody, 1968; Haberle et al., 1982; Zurek et al., 1992). Although dust is present in the Martian atmosphere throughout the year, the level of dustiness varies with season. The atmosphere is generally the dustiest during northern fall and winter and the least dusty during northern spring and summer (Smith, 2004). Dust particles are lifted into the atmosphere by dust storms that range in size from meters to thousands of kilometers across (Cantor et al., 2001). During some years, regional storms combine to produce hemispheric or planet encircling dust clouds that obscure the surface and raise atmospheric temperatures by as much as 40 K (Smith et al., 2002). Key recent observations of the vertical distribution of dust indicate that elevated layers of dust exist in the tropics and sub-tropics throughout much of the year (Heavens et al., 2011). These observations have brought particular focus on the processes that control the vertical distribution of dust in the Martian atmosphere. The goal of this work is to further our understanding of how clouds in particular control the vertical distribution of dust, particularly during N. H. spring and summe

Upper Boundary Extension of the NASA Ames Mars General Circulation Model

Extending the NASA Ames Mars General Circulation Model (MGCM) upper boundary will expand our understanding of the connection between the lower and upper atmosphere of Mars through the middle atmosphere. The extension's main requirements is incorporation of Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) heating (visible) and cooling (infrared). NLTE occurs when energy is exchanged more rapidly with the radiation field (or other energy sources) rather than collisions with other molecules. Without NLTE above approximately 80km/approximately 60km in Mars' atmosphere the IR/visible heating rates are overestimated. Currently NLTE has been applied successfully into the 1D RT code and is in progress for the 3D application