New Paradigm of Human Resources Development

The purpose of this publication is to present an overview of the status of Korea’s human resources, and to investigate human resourceoriented national development strategies given the recognition for the importance of human resources in the new growth paradigm amid the rise of the knowledge-based economy. This book is composed of three parts, which are ‘Changes and Challenges’ (Part 1), ‘Overview of VET & HRD’ (Part 2) and ‘New Models in HRD’ (Part 3). The book first gives background to the increased emphasis on human resources, and reviews the main trends in human resources and policies in Korea. It then seeks to establish policy measures on the problems currently being faced in various domains of human resources. The book is also aimed at drawing the significance of human resources in the new growth paradigm, and at identifying the direction of human resources development strategy.KRIVET's newest publication 'New Paradigm of Human Resources Development', edited by KRIVET president Dr. Jang-Ho Kim, is a compilation of research undertaken by KRIVET. The publication is a research document aimed at providing a useful insight into various areas of HRD in Korea through critical examination of experiences and case studies.Foreword iii List of Tables and Figures xi About the Editor xv Contributors xvi Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi Introduction (by Jang-Ho Kim) 1 PART I CHANGES AND CHALLENGES Chapter 1 Socioeconomic Challenges in Human Resources Development / Ho-Young Oh Human Resources and Economic Growth 14 Supply Side of Human Resources 19 Demand Side of Human Resources 24 Changes in Occupational Structure 28 Mismatch between Human Resources Supply and Demand 31 Conclusion and Policy Implications 35 Chapter 2 HRD Policiesy and Strategiesy Sung-Joon Paik / Hyung-Mann Kim Concepts of Human Resources Development 40 Scope of National HRD Policies 43 The First National HRD Strategies 44 Systematic Implementation of National HRD Policies 50 Networking at the Regional Level 55 PART II OVERVIEW OF VET & HRD Chapter 3 Vocational Education for National Competitiveness / Jung-Pyo Lee, Tae-Hwa Jung Evolution of Vocational Education Policy 61 Overview of Vocational Education System 64 Major Issues in Vocational Education 73 Future of Vocational Education 76 Conclusion Remarks 78 Chapter 4 Structural Transformation for Demand-Oriented Vocational Training / Mee-Souk Kim, Taek-Soo Chung Overview of Vocational Training 79 Current Practices 82 Demand-Led Vocational Training 96 Chapter 5 Strategies for a Comprehensive Vocational Qualification System / Dong-Im Lee Major Historical Developments 100 Overview of Vocational Qualification System 101 Recent Developments in Vocational Qualification System 110 Future Challenges 115 Chapter 6 Career Guidance: Taking a Lifelong Career Development Perspective / Eon Lim, Mi-Sug Jin Need to Promote Lifelong Ccareer Ddevelopment 119 Career Guidance System 120 Support for Career Development of School Students 121 Career Guidance Service in Higher Education 125 Supports for Aadults' Ccareer Ddevelopment 127 Key Policy Issues 129 PART III NEW MODELS IN HRD Chapter 7 Promoting the Knowledge-based Economy through e-Learning / Hyun-Jeong Lee Comprehensive2. E Support System for ee-Learning 138 Infrastructure for 1. Eee-Learning 144 Furthering Education through e-Learning 147 2. ee-Learning for Workforce Development 149 III. ee-Learning Prospects 154 Chapter 8 Holistic and Strategic Approach to Learning Society / Jang-Ho Kim, Hong-Geun Chang The Foundations of a Holistic Learning Society 161 Transition to the Lifelong Learning Society 163 Building a National Framework for Lifelong Learning 169 Realizing a Holistic Learning Society: Strategies and Issues 173 Chapter 9 Partnership for HRD: a Long-Term Policy in Lifelong Learning Society / Ji-Sun hung, Hong-Geun Chang National HRD Partnership Framework and Key Issues at the Regional Level 180 Increasing Efforts to Strengthen of Ppartnerships 187forHRD F Future Pprospects and Role of of the HRD Ppartnership 196 References 203 Index 21

Theoretical Update of the Semileptonic Branching Ratio of B Mesons

We reconsider the prediction of the semileptonic branching ratio of B mesons, using a recent calculation of the radiative corrections with account for finite quark masses in nonleptonic decays and taking into account 1/m_b^2 corrections. For the semileptonic branching ratio we obtain B_SL =(11.8\pm 1.6)% using pole quark masses and B_SL = (11.0\pm 1.9)% using running MS-bar quark masses. The uncertainty is dominated by unknown higher order perturbative corrections. We conclude that the present accuracy of the theoretical analysis does not allow to state a significant disagreement with the experimental results. However, our re-analysis of the decay b->ccs yields an increase of (35\pm 11)% due to next-to-leading order corrections including mass dependent terms, which further emphasizes the problem of the average charm quark content of the final states in B decays. Abstract of the erratum: Some of the numerical results presented in our paper PLB 342 (1995) 362 are affected by an error in the computer program and need to be revised. The numerical changes are, however, marginal. We take the opportunity to incorporate the complete results for the quark mass dependence of the radiative corrections to the subprocess b->ccs and enlarge the discussion of the average charm quark content in the final state, giving the results in two different renormalization schemes and adding a figure with charm quark content plotted vs. the semileptonic branching ratio.Comment: 14 pages latex plus one PS figure, uses epsf.sty and a4wide.sty; Erratum to published version appende

Next-to-leading Order Radiative Corrections to the Decay b→ccsb\to ccs

We calculate the complete ${\cal O}(\alpha_s)$ corrections to the quark decay $b\to ccs$ taking full account of the quark masses, but neglecting penguin contributions. For a c to the b quark mass ratio $m_c/m_b= 0.3$ and a strange quark mass of $0.2\,$GeV, we find that the next-to-leading order (NLO) corrections increase $\Gamma(b\to ccs)$ by $(32\pm 15)\%$ with respect to the leading order expression, where the uncertainty is mostly due to scale- and scheme-dependences. Combining this result with the known NLO and non-perturbative corrections to other B meson decay channels we obtain an updated value for the semileptonic branching ratio of B mesons, $B_{SL}$, of $(12.0\pm 1.4)\%$ using pole quark masses and $(11.2\pm 1.7)\%$ using running \overline{\mbox{MS}} masses.Comment: 10 pages, requires a4wide.sty and epsf.sty, 1 uuencoded figur

Resummation of Running Coupling Effects in Semileptonic B Meson Decays and Extraction of ∣Vcb∣|V_{cb}|

We present a determination of $|V_{cb}|$ from semileptonic B decays that includes resummation of supposedly large perturbative corrections, originating from the running of the strong coupling. We argue that the low value of the BLM scale found previously for inclusive decays is a manifestation of the renormalon divergence of the perturbative series starting already in third order. A reliable determination of $|V_{cb}|$ from inclusive decays is possible if one either uses a short-distance b quark mass or eliminates all unphysical mass parameters in terms of measured observables, such that all infra-red contributions of order $1/m_b$ cancel explicitly. We find that using the $\overline{\rm MS}$ running mass significantly reduces the perturbative coefficients already in low orders. For a semileptonic branching ratio of $10.9\%$ we obtain $|V_{cb}|(\tau_B/1.50\,{\rm ps})^{1/2}= 0.041\pm 0.002$ from inclusive decays, in good agreement with the value extracted from exclusive decays.Comment: 37 pages + 4 figures, final version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Phenomenological Analysis of D Meson Lifetimes

The QCD-based operator-product-expansion technique is systematically applied to the study of charmed meson lifetimes. We stress that it is crucial to take into account the momentum of the spectator light quark of charmed mesons, otherwise the destructive Pauli-interference effect in $D^+$ decays will lead to a negative decay width for the $D^+$. We have applied the QCD sum rule approach to estimate the hadronic matrix elements of color-singlet and color-octet 4-quark operators relevant to nonleptonic inclusive $D$ decays. The lifetime of $D_s^+$ is found to be longer than that of $D^0$ because the latter receives a constructive $W$-exchange contribution, whereas the hadronic annihilation and leptonic contributions to the former are compensated by the Pauli interference. We obtain the lifetime ratio $\tau(D_s^+)/\tau(D^0)$ $\approx 1.08\pm 0.04$, which is larger than some earlier theoretical estimates, but still smaller than the recent measurements by CLEO and E791.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figure

The BcB_c Meson Lifetime

We investigate the total inclusive decay rate of the (ground state) $B_c$ meson within the framework of an operator product expansion in inverse powers of the heavy quark masses and subsequent matching onto nonrelativistic QCD. The expansion is organized as a series in the strong coupling and in powers of the heavy quark velocities in the $B_c$, reflecting the nonrelativistic nature of a heavy-heavy bound state. In this aspect the character of the expansion differs from the more familiar case of heavy-light mesons. The framework incorporates systematically corrections to the leading $b$- and $c$-quark decays due to binding effects, as well as contributions from weak annihilation and Pauli interference. Based on this approach we find for the $B_c$ meson lifetime $\tau_{B_c}=(0.4 - 0.7)\,$ps, the dominant mechanism being the decay of the charm constituent.Comment: 18 pages, revtex, 2 figures as uudecoded fil

Measuring ∣Vub∣|V_{ub}| with B→Ds+Xu\to D_s^+ X_u transitions

We propose the determination of the CKM matrix element $|V_{ub}|$ by the measurement of the spectrum of $B \to D_s^+ X_u$, dominated by the spectator quark model mechanism $\bar{b} \to D_s^{(*)+} \bar{u}$. The interest of considering $B \to D_s^+X_u$ versus the semileptonic decay is that more than 50 % of the spectrum for $B \to D_s^+ X_u$ occurs above the kinematical limit for $B \to D_s^+ X_c$, while most of the spectrum $B \to l \nu X_u$ occurs below the $B \to l \nu X_c$ one. Furthermore, the measure of the hadronic mass $M_X$ is easier in the presence of an identified $D_s$ than when a $\nu$ has been produced. As a consistency check, we point out that the rate $\bar{b} \to D_s^{(*)+} \bar{c}$ (including QCD corrections that we present elsewhere) is consistent with the measured $BR (B \to D_s^{\pm} X)$. Although the hadronic complications may be more severe in the mode that we propose than in the semileptonic inclusive decay, the end of the spectrum in $B \to l \nu X_u$ is not well understood on theoretical grounds. We argue that, in our case, the excited $D_s^{**}$, decaying into $D K$, do not contribute and, if there is tagging of the $B$ meson, the other mechanisms to produce a $D_s$ of the right sign are presumably small, of $O(10^{-2})$ relative to the spectator amplitude, or can be controlled by kinematical cuts. In the absence of tagging, other hadronic backgrounds deserve careful study. We present a feasability study with the BaBar detector.Comment: 22 pages, LaTe

The lifetime of B_c-meson and some relevant problems

The lifetime of the B_c-meson is estimated with consistent considerations on all of the heavy mesons ($B^0, B^\pm, B_s, D^0, D^\pm D_s$) and the double heavy meson B_c. In the estimate, the framework, where the non-spectator effects for nonleptonic decays are taken into account properly, is adopted, and the parameters needed to be fixed are treated carefully and determined by fitting the available data. The bound-state effects in it are also considered. We find that in decays of the meson B_c, the QCD correction terms of the penguin diagrams and the main component terms c_1O_1, c_2O_2 of the effective interaction Lagrangian have direct interference that causes an enhancement about 3 ~ 4% in the total width of the B_c meson.Comment: 27 pages, 0 figur

Heavy Quark Expansion for the Inclusive Decay Bˉ→τ νˉ X\bar B\to\tau\,\bar\nu\,X

We calculate the differential decay rate for inclusive $\bar B\to\tau\,\bar\nu\,X$ transitions to order $1/m_b^2$ in the heavy quark expansion, for both polarized and unpolarized tau leptons. We show that using a systematic $1/m_b$ expansion significantly reduces the theoretical uncertainties in the calculation. We obtain for the total branching ratio ${\rm BR}(\bar B\to\tau\,\bar\nu\,X)=2.30\pm 0.25\%$, and for the tau polarization $A_{\rm pol}=-0.706\pm0.006$. {}From the experimental measurement of the branching ratio at LEP, we derive the upper bound \lo\leq 0.8\gev^2 for one of the parameters of the heavy quark effective theory.Comment: 16pages harvma

A Phenomenological Analysis of Heavy Hadron Lifetimes

A phenomenological analysis of lifetimes of bottom and charmed hadrons within the framework of the heavy quark expansion is performed. The baryon matrix element is evaluated using the bag model and the nonrelativistic quark model. We find that bottom-baryon lifetimes follow the pattern $\tau(\Omega_b)\simeq\tau(\Xi_b^-)>\tau(\Lambda_b)\simeq\tau(\Xi_b^0)$. However, neither the lifetime ratio $\tau(\Lambda_b)/\tau( B_d)$ nor the absolute decay rates of the $\Lambda_b$ baryon and $B$ mesons can be explained. One way of solving both difficulties is to allow the presence of linear $1/m_Q$ corrections by scaling the inclusive nonleptonic width with the fifth power of the hadron mass $m_{H_Q}$ rather than the heavy quark mass $m_Q$. The hierarchy of bottom baryon lifetimes is dramatically modified to $\tau(\Lambda_b)>\tau(\Xi_b^-)>\tau(\Xi_b^0)>\tau( \Omega_b)$: The longest-lived $\Omega_b$ among bottom baryons in the OPE prescription now becomes shortest-lived. The replacement of $m_Q$ by $m_{H_Q}$ in nonleptonic widths is natural and justified in the PQCD-based factorization approach formulated in terms of hadron-level kinematics. For inclusive charmed baryon decays, we argue that since the heavy quark expansion does not converge, local duality cannot be tested in this case. We show that while the ansatz of substituting the heavy quark mass by the hadron mass provides a much better description of the charmed-baryon lifetime {\it ratios}, it appears unnatural and unpredictive for describing the {\it absolute} inclusive decay rates of charmed baryons, contrary to the bottom case.Comment: 35 pages, to appear in Phys. Rev. The CDF result on the lifetime ratio of Lambda_b and B_d is discusse