Performance Analysis of On-Line Camera-Based Web Inspection Sensors: A Pilot-Scale Experimental Study

Camera-based web inspection sensors have been available in the paper industry for many years. However, in recent years because of a market demand for high-quality paper products, the need for realtime flaw-detection systems has increased significantly. In addition to flaw-detection capabilities, these systems should be capable of doing defect classification (e.g., relative to size and type of flaws) as well as defect localization (providing information on location of flaws). The technique employed in flaw detection and measurement principles used in common systems are based on laser, CCD (charge coupled device) camera, or infrared technology. The study was designed to determine the capabilities of commercially available CCD camerabased systems. A CCD camera-based commercial sensor was installed on a pilot paper coater machine with the production speed capability of 1524 m/min (5000 ft/min) that could accept paper rolls with a width of 76.2 cm (30 inches). Various paper grades consisting of newsprint, coated paper, coated board, and linerboard which had typical grade-related defects were provided by various paper mills for testing. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the operational principle, capabilities, and performance of various sensors used in paper industry in detecting various flaws and defects and to provide a summary of the results obtained using a commercial sensor

Renewable Energy and Its Applications Around the World

Energy is the main and most inclusive measure of all the wide ranges of work done by humans and machines. Renewable energies such as solar, hydro, wind and so forth have become crucial since they neithert create any pollution nor require imported fuel. For achieving growth and progress in developing countries, the utilization of available energy sources is important. Renewable energy can be cost-efficient and socially more beneficial. This research provides us a look into how some countries in Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia take advantage of renewable energy sources and explore its vast possibilities. Finding alternative energy sources that reduce costs and compete with fossil fuels; the study will look into the dynamics of the competitive transition and what these countries are innovating to make sustainable energy strong

Effect of Formation Hydrodynamics on Mechanical Properties of Container Materials

The objectives of this study were to compare the mechanical and physical properties of the sheets made using the Vortigen technology (a non-conventional technique that creates very high number vortices in a fluid flow mixture of water, fibers, and chemical additives) with those produced from a conventional method of papermaking and to provide insight into the impact of formation hydrodynamics on sheet properties. The results of formation, ultrasonic stiffness, and creep/accelerated creep measurements of the Vortigen sheets as compared with the standard sheets are presented. Samples of Vortigen (V) and standard (S) sheets (4 samples from each group) were obtained from papers produced on a pilot machine. Formation measurements (that provides a measure of density distribution in a sheet) were performed using a formation tester which is based on beta particle absorption. Measurements of creep and accelerated creep were made at a constant relative humidity (RH) of 80% and a cyclic RH between 30% and 80% for strips cut along the machine direction (MD) and cross machine direction (CD, which is perpendicular to MD) directions. There was a significant difference between the distributions of basis weights for the two types of papers. The mean coefficient of variation in grammage for the V samples was 8.97 while that for the S samples was 12.60. The mean MD/CD stiffness ratios for the V and S samples were 1.1 and 1.6, respectively. The mean Z-direction longitudinal specific stiffness corresponding to the V samples were 18% greater than the corresponding value for the S samples. The MD strips from the S samples exhibited the smallest creep while the CD strips from the S samples exhibited the largest creep. Creep values corresponding to the Vortigen sheets were between the extreme values of the standard samples. The results of this study indicated that because of the influence of formation hydrodynamics on fiber orientation and formation, in general, the stiffness properties (and specifically the CD stiffness) of the Vortigen samples were greater than those of the standard samples

Lubrication problem

"August, 1994."Project report numbers are not unique, use dates to distinguis

Stress and Reliability Analysis of a Metal-Ceramic Dental Crown

Interaction of mechanical and thermal stresses with the flaws and microcracks within the ceramic region of metal-ceramic dental crowns can result in catastrophic or delayed failure of these restorations. The objective of this study was to determine the combined influence of induced functional stresses and pre-existing flaws and microcracks on the time-dependent probability of failure of a metal-ceramic molar crown. A three-dimensional finite element model of a porcelain fused-to-metal (PFM) molar crown was developed using the ANSYS finite element program. The crown consisted of a body porcelain, opaque porcelain, and a metal substrate. The model had a 300 Newton load applied perpendicular to one cusp, a load of 30ON applied at 30 degrees from the perpendicular load case, directed toward the center, and a 600 Newton vertical load. Ceramic specimens were subjected to a biaxial flexure test and the load-to-failure of each specimen was measured. The results of the finite element stress analysis and the flexure tests were incorporated in the NASA developed CARES/LIFE program to determine the Weibull and fatigue parameters and time-dependent fracture reliability of the PFM crown. CARES/LIFE calculates the time-dependent reliability of monolithic ceramic components subjected to thermomechanical and/Or proof test loading. This program is an extension of the CARES (Ceramics Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Structures) computer program

Heat transfer problem

"February 2, 1995.

Can Project-Based Teaching/Learning Motivate Student Interest in Freshman and Sophomore Courses in Engineering?

We will report on the results of an externally funded project to improve student interest in engineering using project-based teaching and learning and Tablet Pc technology. Changes were made in some of the fundamental engineering courses to include hands-on projects, field trips and also invited speakers to the classroom. The results suggest that these changes can improve retention in engineering

Improving Student Learning in an Engineering Graphics for Design Course through Differentiated and Project-Based Instructions

The Engineering Graphics for Design course is one of the most important courses in freshman engineering. However, one of the main challenges in teaching this course at Valdosta State University is handling a relatively large computer lab-based course and a wide range of skills and learning abilities in students. Many of our students are quick in learning computer tools and Commands in programs such as AutoCAD. Also, some students have good CAD drawing background from high school. But many have difficulty understanding 2-D or 3-D geometric and angular relations, geometric and trigonometric laws, and logical reasoning associated with fundamentals of engineering graphic. Recently, we have explored various pedagogical techniques to allow students to work on various self-paced CAD projects that are related to their field of interest in engineering. Also, we have included some team-based filed projects to increase interaction and collaborations among students. Furthermore, we added many online resources in D2L, and increased in-class and out-of-class support for students. Initial results shows an increased student success and course satisfaction among the students