Energi og klimaeffekter GCE Blue Maritime

Rapporten presenterer en undersøkelse av hvordan den maritime klyngen i Møre og Romsdal, GCE Blue Maritime, har bidratt til en mer energieffektiv og klimavennlig maritim næring. Resultat og konklusjoner baserer seg på intervju av viktige aktører, litteratur og offentlige datakilder. Klyngen har bidratt ved å stå bak utviklingen av viktige teknologier; være spesielt tidlig ute med å integrere nye og bedre løsninger; og ved å levere et stort volum av skip med disse nye løsningene. Felles mål, kort vei fra "dekk til direktør" og god helhetsforståelse har gitt grunnlaget for tillit og samarbeid, som er nødvendig for å ta den risikoen nye teknologier innebærer. Utover de konkrete teknologiene og produktene har klyngen spilt en viktig rolle i forskning og utvikling som har hatt positiv innflytelse på hele den globale maritime næringen.GCE Blue MaritimepublishedVersio

PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS KARANGAN DESKRIPTIF MELALUI MEDIA LAGU BAGI PEMBELAJAR BIPA : studi kasus terhadap pembelajar bipa tingkat menengah di balai bahasa upi

Penelitian yang berjudul “Pembelajaran Menulis Karangan Deskriptif Melalui Media Lagu Bagi Pembelajar BIPA (Studi Kasus terhadap Pembelajar BIPA Tingkat Menengah di Balai Bahasa UPI)” ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kesulitan menulis yang dialami oleh salah satu pembelajar BIPA pada tingkat menengah 3. Kesulitan menulis yang dialami oleh pembelajar BIPA tersebut umumnya dialami oleh pembelajar BIPA, tetapi menurut teori yang diungkapkan oleh Mulyono (2004,hlm.41) bahwa pembelajar BIPA pada tingkat menengah mampu mengembangkan karangan narasi atau deskripsi. Dari ungkapan tersebut maka timbul pertanyaan mengapa pembelajar pada tingkat menengah 3 tersebut masih kesulitan dalam menulis, lalu faktor apa yang menyebabkan pembelajar tersebut mengalami kesulitan menulis. Oleh karena itu, peneliti merasa tertarik untuk mengadakan penelitian dengan tujuan memahami, mendeskripsikan, dan mencari pemecahan masalah atas kesulitan menulis yang dialami oleh pembelajar tersebut. Selain itu, peneliti mencoba mencari tahu apakah tindakan yang diberikan oleh peneliti dapat berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan menulis pembelajar tersebut. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, metode yang digunakan peneliti adalah metode studi yang dipaparkan secara kualitatif. Metode studi kasus digunakan untuk mendapatkan data secara rinci agar tindakan yang diberikan sesuai dengan kemampuan pembelajar BIPA yang mengalami kesulitan menulis. Hasil yang didapat selama melalui beberapa tahap penelitian ternyata berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan menulis pembelajar tersebut. Faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah motivasi. Pembelajar tersebut memiliki motivasi yang kurang dalam pembelajaran menulis, dan menunjukkan perilaku tidak positif terhadap pembelajaran menulis, karena pembelajar tersebut tidak suka menulis. Pembelajar cenderung menghindari pembelajaran menulis. Selain itu pun pembelajar merasa tidak percaya diri ketika menulis karena menurut pembelajar tata bahasa Indonesia sangat sulit dan tidak beraturan. Hasil tes menulis menunjukkan adanya perkembangan menulis setelah dilakukan tindakan berupa pembelajaran menulis karangan deskriptif melalui media lagu. Selanjutnya, diharapkan adanya penelitian lebih lanjut terhadap pembelajar BIPA yang mengalami kesulitan menulis.----------The research entitled "Learning to write descriptive essay through the use of song for BIPA’s learners” (Study Case Against BIPA Learner Intermediate Language Center UPI)" is motivated Posted Yang experienced difficulty writing Posted prayers One learner BIPA for Intermediate 3. The experienced difficulty writing Posted BIPA is generally experienced learners Posted learners BIPA, but according to the theory disclosed by Mulyono (2004, hlm.41) that learners BIPA for Intermediate able to develop a narrative essay or description. The phrase is so arises from question why for Intermediate 3 learners are still difficulties hearts write, then what factors cause these learners have difficulty writing. By therefore, researchers were interested in conducting research purposes with understand, describe, and see solving differences Yang experienced difficulty writing the Posted learners. In addition , the industry researcher find trying to know whether the action which, given posted researchers may affect the learner's ability to write. Based on the case, researchers used the method is a method of Case Studies which operates described qualitatively. Case Study method used for get detailed operating data that action given in accordance with the ability of the learner BIPA had difficulty writing. The results obtained during phase research through influential against the learners' writing ability. Test results indicate a write developments write taxable income form of action learning descriptive essay writing songs through the media. Furthermore, it is expected for further studies of learners BIPA had difficulty writing

Sluttrapport: Samhandling for redusert klimapåvirkning fra sjømatnæringen - Standard, verktøy og hændbok

Kvantitativ kunnskap om egen klimapåvirkning er blitt en naturlig del av moderne miljøstyring og ressurseffektivisering. Dokumentasjon av sjømatprodukters klimapåvirkning etterspørres av forhandlere, myndigheter, konsumenter og andre beslutningstakere i sjømatens verdikjede. Finansiert av Fiskeri og havbruksnæringens forskingsfond har SINTEF Fiskeri og havbruk nå deltatt i tre arbeidspakker under et internasjonalt samarbeidsforum for å adressere klimagassutslipp fra sjømatproduksjon. Prosjektet «Samhandling for redusert klimapåvirkning fra sjømatnæringen - Standard, verktøy og håndbok» har bidratt til: - En internasjonal standard for klimaregnskap av sjømatprodukter publisert av British Standard Institute - Et nettbasert verktøy for beregning av et vi fanget sjømat produkts klimaspor fra fiske og frem til forhandler - En håndbok med grundig innføring i hvordan man kan bruke klimaregnskap i en bedrift og hvordan det kan gjennomføres. Med disse virkemidlene vii det nå være enklere og billigere for aktører i den norske sjømatindustrien å jobbe strategisk og målrettet med eget klimaregnskap og kunne dokumentere dette ovenfor viktige markeder.Fiskeri og havbruksnæringens forskningsfond (FHF)publishedVersio

Carbon footprint and area use of farmed Norwegian salmon

This report presents the carbon footprint and area use of Norwegian farmed salmon that is fed five different diets. It also compares the carbon footprint and occupation of agricultural land of Norwegian farmed salmon from 2010 with Swedish pig and chicken. All results are calculated according to LCA methodology where the functional unit is 1 kg edible product and the system boundaries from fishing/growing of feed ingredients and until the products are at the farm gate. A salmon that is fed the average Norwegian feed diet in 2010 has a carbon footprint of 2.6 kg C02e; it occupies 3.3 m2 agricultural land and requires 115 m2 of sea primary production area. Although only 40% of the diet was of marine origin, the area needed to produce those inputs was much larger than the area used for farming. Results show that changes in the content of marine ingredients can change the final carbon footprint per kilo edible product with± 7 %. The comparison with pig and chicken concluded that salmon has the lowest carbon footprint and occupies least agricultural land. Even an almost "vegetarian" salmon can occupy less agricultural land than chicken. Pig had the highest carbon footprint and the highest occupation of agricultural land.publishedVersio

Avfallshåndtering fra sjøbasert havbruk

Resultatene viser at norske havbruksaktører i dag har rutiner for avfallshåndtering og bruker tilgjengelige tilbud. Aktørene dokumenterer i liten grad mengder, sortering og hva avfallet går til, men vet at disse opplysningene er tilgjengelige. Et materialregnskap med faktormetoden viser at mengden plast og metall som er i bruk norske havbruksanlegg kan være opptil 192 000 tonn plast og720oo tonn metall. Et avfallsestimat viser at det fra dette genereres avfall i størrelsesorden 4 300 - 8 500 tonn metall og 15 000 - 29 000 tonn plast per år. Basert på en helthetsvurdering av intervjuene og de reguleringer og miljøsertifiseringer som virker i den norske havbruksnæringen, konkluderes det med at det er lite sannsynlig at norske havbruksanlegg er en kilde til omfattende marin forsøpling. Anbefalinger: 1) havbruksnæringen må i stØrre grad dokumentere avfallshåndteringen sin; 2) det trengs mer spesifikk og helhetlig kunnskap om hva som er de beste gienvinningsløsningene for materialene fra norsk havbruk; og 3) det bør blir mer fokus på miljødesign av havbruksutstyr slik at det genereres mindre avfall og slik at næringen selv kan bruke gjenvunnet materiale

Avfallshåndtering fra sjøbasert havbruk

Resultatene viser at norske havbruksaktører i dag har rutiner for avfallshåndtering og bruker tilgjengelige tilbud. Aktørene dokumenterer i liten grad mengder, sortering og hva avfallet går til, men vet at disse opplysningene er tilgjengelige. Et materialregnskap med faktormetoden viser at mengden plast og metall som er i bruk norske havbruksanlegg kan være opptil 192 000 tonn plast og720oo tonn metall. Et avfallsestimat viser at det fra dette genereres avfall i størrelsesorden 4 300 - 8 500 tonn metall og 15 000 - 29 000 tonn plast per år. Basert på en helthetsvurdering av intervjuene og de reguleringer og miljøsertifiseringer som virker i den norske havbruksnæringen, konkluderes det med at det er lite sannsynlig at norske havbruksanlegg er en kilde til omfattende marin forsøpling. Anbefalinger: 1) havbruksnæringen må i stØrre grad dokumentere avfallshåndteringen sin; 2) det trengs mer spesifikk og helhetlig kunnskap om hva som er de beste gienvinningsløsningene for materialene fra norsk havbruk; og 3) det bør blir mer fokus på miljødesign av havbruksutstyr slik at det genereres mindre avfall og slik at næringen selv kan bruke gjenvunnet materiale.publishedVersio

Benchmarking of CO2 transport technologies: Part II – Offshore pipeline and shipping to an offshore site

This paper continues the illustration of the methodology and the functionality of the CCS value chain tool developed within the BIGCCS Research Centre through the use of two new transport assessment modules for offshore pipeline and shipping to an offshore site. Technical, costs, and climate impact characteristics of each transport infrastructure are assessed and used to benchmark offshore pipeline and CO2 shipping to an offshore site transports in a base case for a range of distances and capacities. As expected, the base case illustrates that short distances and large capacities favour pipeline transport while ship transport is favoured by long distances and small capacities. The results show that the distance effect is stronger in the case of transport to an offshore site than in the case of transport between harbours, due to both higher pipeline investment costs and the pipeline pressure drop limitation for offshore. The base case is used to draw conclusions regarding specific case studies under the hypotheses described in this paper. Our methodology also appears to lead to results consistent with cases available in the literature when the same cost hypotheses are taken into consideration. Sensitivity analyses are used to quantify the impact of several important parameters and show that the four most influential parameters regarding the transport technology selection are: (1) the geographical context through the distance ratio, (2) the regional effect of pipeline costs and uncertainties in pipeline investment costs through the pipeline investment costs, (3) the project ownership effect through the discount rate, and (4) the First Of A Kind effect and uncertainties on investments through the overall investment costs. The CO2 avoided transport costs of the two transport technologies are illustrated in order to emphasise the importance of selecting the most efficient transport technology. The evaluation of costs underlines the fact that knowing the actual costs and limiting uncertainties is very important for the selection of the cost-optimal technology, to avoid cost overruns, and limit financial risks. The cost evaluation is also used to demonstrate the impact of limiting transport cost on the conditions in which CO2 transport is economically viable. The results demonstrate that the stronger the cost constraint, the more “long” distances and “small” capacities should be ruled out. The methodology and results are also used to illustrate how constraint on initial investment, in order to limit financial exposure, is to the disadvantage of pipeline transport due to the large investments required for transport via pipeline. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.acceptedVersio

Benchmarking of CO2 transport technologies: Part I—Onshore pipeline and shipping between two onshore areas

This paper focuses on illustrating the CCS chain methodology and the functionality of two transport assessment modules developed within the BIGCCS Research Centre for onshore pipeline and shipping between onshore areas. On the basis of these two modules, technical, costs and climate impact assessments of transport infrastructure and conditioning processes were assessed and compared for a base case. In this case study, onshore pipeline and CO2 shipping between two onshore harbours are compared for different distances and capacities. As expected, for a given annual capacity, onshore pipeline transport should be used for “short” distances, while shipping between harbours is employed for longer distances. Regarding the distance at which the cost-optimal technology switches between the two options, the results show that higher annual capacity and volume would lead to a preference for onshore pipeline transport. The base case can be used as a guide to draw conclusions on particular case studies under the hypotheses presented in this paper. The results also appear to be consistent with the few papers that have compared onshore pipeline and shipping between harbours. Sensitivity analyses were used to address and quantify the impact of several important parameters on the choice of technology. The influences of the individual parameters were then ranked showing that the four most influent parameters on the technology choice are the geographical context, the regional effect of pipeline costs, the First-Of-A-Kind effect, and the ownership effect. Additional work that focuses on transport between a coastal area and an offshore site using either an offshore pipeline or shipping will be presented in Part II of this paper. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.acceptedVersio

Industriell utvikling av et mesopelagisk fiske - miljøeffekter

Denne rapporten tar for seg to sentrale spørsmål i forbindelse med en potensiell utvikling av et kommersielt fiske etter mesopelagisk fisk: 1) Vil uttaket av mesopelagisk arter kunne påvirke næringsgrunnlaget til matfisk negativt? 2) Hva vil den sannsynlige effekten være dersom, alt annet likt, oljer og proteiner fra mesopelagisk råvare substituerer vegetabilsk råvare til fiskefôr. Hvor mye landbruksproduksjon og jordbruksareal estimert kan frigjøres til produksjon av mat?Innovasjon NorgepublishedVersio

LCA of Norwegian salmon production 2012

This report presents an LCA of salmon produced with the average Norwegian feed of 2010 and 2012. The assessment cover the salmon production system from fishing of marine and growing og vegetable feed ingredients, up to the stage where the salmon is ready for slaughter, the salmon farm gate. The methodology is explained and the data that was used documented. The results show that the carbon footprint of an average Norwegian salmon product increased from 2010 to 2012, despite an improvement in the economic feed conversion ratio for the same period. Climate impacts from land use change, associated with growing of soy, is identified as an especially important climate aspects for salmon aquaculture. A simplified screening also show that micro ingredients can be an important climate aspect. The water footprint of the salmon showed that, compared to published data from other meat products, salmon is also an efficient food product with regards to fresh water use.The Norwegian Seafood Reseearch Fund - FHFpublishedVersio