Determinants of Deadwood-Inhabiting Fungal Communities in Temperate Forests: Molecular Evidence From a Large Scale Deadwood Decomposition Experiment

Despite the important role of wood-inhabiting fungi (WIF) in deadwood decomposition, our knowledge of the factors shaping the dynamics of their species richness and community composition is scarce. This is due to limitations regarding the resolution of classical methods used for characterizing WIF communities and to a lack of well-replicated long-term experiments with sufficient numbers of tree species. Here, we used a large scale experiment with logs of 11 tree species at an early stage of decomposition, distributed across three regions of Germany, to identify the factors shaping WIF community composition and Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) richness using next generation sequencing. We found that tree species identity was the most significant factor, corresponding to (P < 0.001) and explaining 10% (representing 48% of the explainable variance) of the overall WIF community composition. The next important group of variables were wood-physicochemical properties, of which wood pH was the only factor that consistently corresponded to WIF community composition. For overall WIF richness patterns, we found that approximately 20% of the total variance was explained by wood N content, location, tree species identity and wood density. It is noteworthy that the importance of determinants of WIF community composition and richness appeared to depend greatly on tree species group (broadleaved vs. coniferous) and it differed between the fungal phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

Parallelen zum 24. Gesang der Ilias in den Engelerscheinungen des lukanischen Doppelwerkes

Hat Lukas Homers Ilias gekannt und benutzt? An Lk 1-2 und Apg 12 untersucht der Vf. dieses in der Forschung bisher kaum beachtete Problem. Über die atl. Muster (Dan 10,7-12; Tob 12,14-18) hinaus findet sich zu den Engelerscheinungen in Lk 1-2 eine umfassende Parallele im 24. Gesang der Ilias (24,143-193) mit der "sturmfüßigen" Iris als Götterbotin (ἄγγελος!); und auch zu Apg 12,7-10 findet sich eine Motivparallele im selben Buch (24,77-100). In beiden Fällenhat sich Lukas der rhetorischen Methode der "imitatio" bedient; er zeigt damit eine unbefangene Einstellung zum literarischen und religiösen Erbe der griechischen Kultur

Shear bond strength of different retainer wires and bonding adhesives in consideration of the pretreatment process

Introduction: We aimed to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of three different retainer wires and three different bonding adhesives in consideration of the pretreatment process of enamel surface sandblasting. Methods: 400 extracted bovine incisors were divided into 10 groups of 20 paired specimens each. 10 specimens of each group were pretreated by enamel sandblasting. The retainer wires Bond-A-Braid™, GAC-Wildcat®-Twistflex and everStick®ORTHO were bonded to the teeth with the adhesives Transbond™-LR, Tetric-EvoFlow™ and Stick®FLOW and then debonded measuring the SBS. Results: While sandblasting generally increased SBS for all tested combinations, the retainer wires bonded with Transbond™-LR showed the highest SBS both with and without prior sandblasting. Significantly lower SBS were found for Tetric-EvoFlow™ that were comparable to those for everStick®ORTHO. Conclusions: Pretreatment of enamel surfaces by sandblasting increased the SBS of all retainer-wires. Transbond™-LR showed the best results compared to Tetric-EvoFlow™ and everStick®ORTHO, while all combinations used provided sufficient bonding strengths for clinical use.<br