Estimating Production of Forest Cooperative Members

This study develops methods of estimating annual marketings by members of forestry cooperatives in order to formulate a long range business plan for the cooperative. A reliable prediction of total annual sales by the cooperative is possible, but individual product estimates are subject to significant errors. The report details cautions concerning the development and implementation of projections and makes specific recommendations. The system also permitted estimation of landowner service needs.Silviculture, forestry cooperatives, forestry management, marketing, Agribusiness,

Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates and ethylenethiourea: possible human health hazards.

Humans are exposed to ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs) from environmental sources. Exposure to EBDCs is chronic for workers in a variety of industries, where EBDCs are used for their properties as slimicides, vulcanization accelerators, antioxidants, and scavengers in waste-water treatment. EBDCs, and particularly the EBDC metabolite ethylenethiourea, have clearly defined, important toxic effects in various animal species, and there is reason to suspect they are carcinogenic in humans. In the absence of definitive information regarding human risk, further studies need to be done. In the interim, regular surveillance of workers with high levels of exposure to EBDCs, with specific attention to markers of thyroid and hepatic pathology, should be considered

Analysis of plasma-nitrided steels

The analysis of plasma nitrided steels can be divided to two main categories - structural and chemical. Structural analysis can provide information not only on the hardening mechanisms but also on the fundamental processes involved. Chemical analysis can be used to study the kinetics for the nitriding process and its mechanisms. In this paper preliminary results obtained by several techniques of both categories are presented and the applicability of those techniques to the analysis of plasma-nitrided steels is discussed

A terminal guidance scheme for lifting body entry vehicles

Perturbation feedback guidance for terminal phase of lifting body entry vehicl

Analytical aerodynamic model of a high alpha research vehicle wind-tunnel model

A 6 DOF analytical aerodynamic model of a high alpha research vehicle is derived. The derivation is based on wind-tunnel model data valid in the altitude-Mach flight envelope centered at 15,000 ft altitude and 0.6 Mach number with Mach range between 0.3 and 0.9. The analytical models of the aerodynamics coefficients are nonlinear functions of alpha with all control variable and other states fixed. Interpolation is required between the parameterized nonlinear functions. The lift and pitching moment coefficients have unsteady flow parts due to the time range of change of angle-of-attack (alpha dot). The analytical models are plotted and compared with their corresponding wind-tunnel data. Piloted simulated maneuvers of the wind-tunnel model are used to evaluate the analytical model. The maneuvers considered are pitch-ups, 360 degree loaded and unloaded rolls, turn reversals, split S's, and level turns. The evaluation finds that (1) the analytical model is a good representation at Mach 0.6, (2) the longitudinal part is good for the Mach range 0.3 to 0.9, and (3) the lateral part is good for Mach numbers between 0.6 and 0.9. The computer simulations show that the storage requirement of the analytical model is about one tenth that of the wind-tunnel model and it runs twice as fast

Neutralizing the Stratagem of “Snap Removal”: A Proposed Amendment to the Judicial Code

The “Removal Jurisdiction Clarification Act” is a narrowly tailored legislative proposal designed to resolve a widespread conflict in the federal district courts over the proper interpretation of the statutory “forum-defendant” rule. The forum-defendant rule prohibits removal of a diversity case “if any of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the [forum state].” 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b)(2) (emphasis added). Some courts, following the “plain language” of the statute, hold that defendants can avoid the constraints of the rule by removing diversity cases to federal court when a citizen of the forum state has been joined as a defendant but has not yet been served. This stratagem has been referred to as “snap removal.” Other courts reject the stratagem. They take a “purposive” approach, typically reasoning that following the plain language “produces a result that is at clear odds with congressional intent.” Resolution of the conflict can come only from Congress. The preferable resolution is to neutralize the stratagem of snap removal by requiring district courts to remand cases to the appropriate state court if, after removal, the plaintiff timely serves one or more forum defendants and a timely motion to remand follows. That is the approach taken by the proposed legislation. The legislation also would confirm that the forum-defendant rule is not jurisdictional, endorsing the position taken by all but one of the circuits that have considered the question

B813: Harvesting Small Trees for Biomass

This study evaluated precommercial, full-tree thinning of saplings and small poletimber (1-8 inches dbh) using chainsaws and modified farm tractors for skidders. To facilitate cutting large numbers of small trees (1-5 inches), the chainsaw was fitted with a felling frame. The cutter felled and manually bunched up to 145 trees/ 2.7 tons per productive man- hour. Average production, assuming 73% efficiency, was 90 trees/1.8 tons per scheduled hour at a cost of $6.22/ton. Skidding was done by a two-wheel drive grapple skidder and a four-wheel drive farm tractor with double-drum winch. The grapple skidder produced 3.8 tons per scheduled hour at a cost of$8.25 per ton, assuming a 75% utilization rate. The cable skidder produced 4 tons per scheduled hour at a cost of $7.00/ton; preset chokers increased production to 4.7 tons/hour at a cost of$5.96. The key to production was a modified herringbone pattern of corridors which facilitated skidder access to the wood. The weakest link in the operation was the difficult, labor-intensive work of felling and bunching.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_bulletin/1108/thumbnail.jp

Paper Session I-C - Space Operations Management Training: Educating the Future Space Workforce for 2000 and Beyond

The Space Operations profession has been expanding, for the past 4 decades at nearly the same scale, proportionally, as space itself. Gene Roddenberry’s Star Trek1 captured the imagination and interest of several generations; many hoping to someday get a chance to work in some space related field. In 1975, a NASA study reported the proposed construction and operation of a US$200 Billion dollar, Earth-orbiting, commercial space station with 10,000 inhabitants who’s sole job would be to manufacture and operate solar-power satellites supplying Earth with energy -- generating enough revenue to pay for it’s construction and continuing operation in about 30 years2. Seeing space portrayed as a routine work environment for a world of earth citizens seemed like far fetched science fiction for decades. In 1991, space was already generating US$11.5 Billion dollars in revenue; in 1996 that jumped to US$26.7 Billion; by 2001 it will have more than doubled to US$57.5 Billion3

The Iranian Asset Negotiations

At the outset, I owe an obligation to you and to my fellow panelists to reveal my true colors. Following the remarks of Mr. Aksen and Mr. Rhodes, you would be entitled to expect me to give some examples of how some distressed clients entered this wonderful world of arbitration, how the scales fell from their corporate eyes, and how their problems were solved. I am going to tell a bit of a story this afternoon. The focus of it is arbitration, but I should tell you it is not an arbitration that occurred. The story is of an arbitration process that was considered very seriously by clients in an industry unaccustomed to and distrustful of arbitration. These clients nevertheless gave very serious consideration to arbitration and indeed adopted a format for arbitrating some extremely important disputes. The only reason that the arbitration was not conducted was that the very existence of that arbitration system, and the possible resort to it as a means of solving these disputes, led to the settlements now being achieved. I also have a personal point of view on this subject that should be revealed. It is a viewpoint colored by almost a quarter century of litigation experience. My view is that time should be devoted to avoiding formalized combat as well as to conducting it. Yet the avoidance of formalized combat, whether in the context of litigation or arbitration, cannot be successful without a thorough understanding of how that combat is likely to be conducted if attempts at negotiation, mediation, or a more satisfactory resolution fail. Efforts to avoid uneconomic, litigious warfare are not likely to be successful unless those involved in the decisions have a thorough understanding of the very processes they are trying to avoid

B800: Manual Thinning of Northeastern Species Using Conventional Cutting Methods

Harvesting small trees- 4-8 inches in diameter at breast height -has not been common in North America, but as average tree size declines, loggers must cut smaller stems. Many softwood stands in the Northeast contain 2000-4000 stems per acre with mean stand diameters of six inches or less (see Fig. 1). If diameter averages ten inches, there may be 6-7 trees per cord, but if it declines to six inches, loggers may handle four times as many trees for the same volume. Handling this increased number of pieces per unit requires changes in operating techniques. Manual felling and limbing may be cost effective for early thinning of northeastern softwoods. Using regression analysis with observations of 695 trees, models are presented for predicting cutting time based on stem diameter and basal area. When trees were limbed in groups of 2-7 stems, limbing time was reduced by 15% to 40%. The results of other studies of alternative, more efficient chainsaw limbing techniques are discussed.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_bulletin/1110/thumbnail.jp