Geology and Ground-water Hydrology of the Ingalls Area, Kansas

This report describes the geology and ground-water hydrology of a 540-square-mile area in Finney and Gray Counties, Kansas. The city of Ingalls is approximately in the center of the area, which is in the Finney lowland and High Plains physiographic provinces and is crossed by Arkansas River. The normal annual precipitation is 19.93 inches, and the mean annual temperature is 55° F. The rocks exposed in the Ingalls area are sedimentary and range in age from Tertiary to Recent. The geology of the area is described, and cross sections show the extent of the unconsolidated deposits in the subsurface. These unconsolidated deposits are about 140 to 300 feet thick and yield water to wells for all public, domestic, stock, and most irrigation supplies in the area. The quantity of water in storage in that part of the area that is 10 miles wide and 24 miles long and lies adjacent to Arkansas River between Pierceville and Cimarron amounts to about 130,000 acre-feet in the alluvium of Arkansas River and about 2,700,000 acre-feet in the Ogallala formation beneath and adjacent to the alluvium. The ground water in most of the area is moderately hard, and the water of Arkansas River and the alluvium north of the river is very hard. Data collected from seven aquifer tests and analyses of the data are included in this report. Three aquifer tests were made of the alluvium of Arkansas River and four of the Ogallala formation. The coefficient of transmissibility of the alluvium computed from the test data ranged from 97,000 to 180,000 gpd per foot and of the Ogallala formation from 12,000 to 61,000 gpd per foot. The storage coefficient of the Ogallala formation is about 2.5 x 10-4. The hydrologic and geologic data on which this report is based include records of 231 wells and test holes, logs of 89 wells and test holes, and analyses of 14 samples of water

Geology and Ground-water Hydrology of the Ingalls Area, Kansas

This report describes the geology and ground-water hydrology of a 540-square-mile area in Finney and Gray Counties, Kansas. The city of Ingalls is approximately in the center of the area, which is in the Finney lowland and High Plains physiographic provinces and is crossed by Arkansas River. The normal annual precipitation is 19.93 inches, and the mean annual temperature is 55° F. The rocks exposed in the Ingalls area are sedimentary and range in age from Tertiary to Recent. The geology of the area is described, and cross sections show the extent of the unconsolidated deposits in the subsurface. These unconsolidated deposits are about 140 to 300 feet thick and yield water to wells for all public, domestic, stock, and most irrigation supplies in the area. The quantity of water in storage in that part of the area that is 10 miles wide and 24 miles long and lies adjacent to Arkansas River between Pierceville and Cimarron amounts to about 130,000 acre-feet in the alluvium of Arkansas River and about 2,700,000 acre-feet in the Ogallala formation beneath and adjacent to the alluvium. The ground water in most of the area is moderately hard, and the water of Arkansas River and the alluvium north of the river is very hard. Data collected from seven aquifer tests and analyses of the data are included in this report. Three aquifer tests were made of the alluvium of Arkansas River and four of the Ogallala formation. The coefficient of transmissibility of the alluvium computed from the test data ranged from 97,000 to 180,000 gpd per foot and of the Ogallala formation from 12,000 to 61,000 gpd per foot. The storage coefficient of the Ogallala formation is about 2.5 x 10-4. The hydrologic and geologic data on which this report is based include records of 231 wells and test holes, logs of 89 wells and test holes, and analyses of 14 samples of water

Electric sector policy, technological change, and U.S. emissions reductions goals: Results from the EMF 32 model intercomparison project

The Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) 32 study compares a range of coordinated scenarios to explore implications of U.S. climate policy options and technological change on the electric power sector. Harmonized policy scenarios (including mass-based emissions limits and various power-sector-only carbon tax trajectories) across 16 models provide comparative assessments of potential impacts on electric sector investment and generation outcomes, emissions reductions, and economic implications. This paper compares results across these policy alternatives, including a variety of technological and natural gas price assumptions, and summarizes robust findings and areas of disagreement across participating models. Under a wide range of policy, technology, and market assumptions, model results suggest that future coal generation will decline relative to current levels while generation from natural gas, wind, and solar will increase, though the pace and extent of these changes vary by policy scenario, technological assumptions, region, and model. Climate policies can amplify trends already under way and make them less susceptible to future market changes. The model results provide useful insights to a range of stakeholders, but future research focused on intersectoral linkages in emission reductions (e.g., the role of electrification), effects of energy storage, and better coverage of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) can improve insights even further

Electric Sector Policy, Technological Change, and U.S. Emissions Reductions Goals: Results from the EMF 32 Model Intercomparison Project

The Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) 32 study compares a range of coordinated scenarios to explore implications of U.S. climate policy options and technological change on the electric power sector. Harmonized policy scenarios (including mass-based emissions limits and various power-sector-only carbon tax trajectories) across 16 models provide comparative assessments of potential impacts on electric sector investment and generation outcomes, emissions reductions, and economic implications. This paper compares results across these policy alternatives, including a variety of technological and natural gas price assumptions, and summarizes robust findings and areas of disagreement across participating models. Under a wide range of policy, technology, and market assumptions, model results suggest that future coal generation will decline relative to current levels while generation from natural gas, wind, and solar will increase, though the pace and extent of these changes vary by policy scenario, technological assumptions, region, and model. Climate policies can amplify trends already under way and make them less susceptible to future market changes. The model results provide useful insights to a range of stakeholders, but future research focused on intersectoral linkages in emission reductions (e.g., the role of electrification), effects of energy storage, and better coverage of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) can improve insights even further

"PROUD to have been involved": an evaluation of participant and community involvement in the PROUD HIV prevention trial.

BACKGROUND: The PROUD trial, a HIV prevention trial in men who have sex with men and trans women, set out to involve community representatives and trial participants in several ways. PROUD also aimed to evaluate participant involvement, to learn lessons and make recommendations for future clinical trials. METHODS: Two structured surveys, one of participant and community representatives involved in the PROUD study, and the other of researchers from the PROUD team, were carried out in 2017. The results from the surveys were reviewed quantitatively and qualitatively, and themes emerging from the data identified and synthesised. RESULTS: Survey invitations were sent to 88 involved participants, 11 community representatives and 10 researchers. The overall response rate was 55% (60/109). Overall, participants were younger than community representatives, and the majority were from Greater London. As expected, participants were predominantly involved in participant involvement meetings and community representatives in management committees.Participants and community representatives cited different motivations for getting involved in PROUD. Overall, participants were positive about their involvement; only two participants rated their experience unfavourably. Community representatives were also broadly positive. Most participants and all community representatives felt their involvement made a difference to the trial, themselves and / or the organisations they represented. However, some participant answers reflected the impact of participation in the trial rather than involvement in PPI activities.Researchers felt that PPI had positive impact across the entire trial cycle. Half felt they would have liked there to have been more PPI activity in PROUD. Researchers noted some challenges and recommendations for the future, including need for adequate funding, more engagement in PPI by all researchers, the need for PPI expertise to facilitate involvement activities and training and mentoring in PPI. CONCLUSIONS: Involving clinical trial participants and wider community representatives as active partners in PPI is feasible and valuable in trials. Researchers are encouraged to consider and appropriately resource participant involvement and prospectively evaluate all PPI within their trials

Retrofit 2050: critical challenges for urban transitions

Scaling up retrofit presents a number of critical challenges for the transition to urban sustainability. Drawing together insights from the EPSRC Retrofit 2050 project this briefing sets out key success factors that need to be in place to deliver sustainable futures for UK cities

Evidence of a dynamic association between intergroup contact and intercultural competence

Three studies explored the association between intergroup contact and intercultural competence. Study 1 and Study 2 provided evidence of a cross-sectional association between intergroup contact and intercultural competence in which positive contact was associated with increased intercultural competence and negative contact was associated with reductions in this outcome. In Study 3 longitudinal data allowed us to test the possibility of mutual influence between these variables whereby intercultural competence is not only a consequence of intergroup contact, but is also predictive of the quality of future intergroup contact. Results showed that positive contact was longitudinally associated with improvements in intercultural competence, and that higher intercultural competence was associated with a reduction in future negative contact. Findings speak to the importance of taking a dynamic outlook on contact effects. The beneficial consequences of positive contact may be the same variables capable of transforming future contact encounters and reducing the likelihood of negative interactions