A Merton Model of Credit Risk with Jumps

In this note, we consider a Merton model for default risk, where the firm’s value is driven by a Brownian motion and a compound Poisson process

THE IMPACT OF DATA SECURITY ON THE INTENTION OF VIETNAMESE CONSUMERS TO USE E-WALLETS

E-wallets are used as a form of payment that brings many benefits to users. This article studies the impact of data security on consumer intentions to use e-wallets in the rapidly growing economy of Vietnam. The data consist of 236 observations from a survey of consumers in Vietnam. Covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) was employed to test the proposed hypotheses. Research results show that security trust has the greatest impact on the intention to use e-wallets, followed by perceived privacy risk, social influence, and information sensitivity. The study also reveals the role of privacy policies and security concerns in consumer intentions to use e-wallets. Based on the research results, the study provides recommendations for consumers, e-wallet providers, and governmental agencies to increase awareness of and responsibility for information security among the consumers who use e-wallets

Bivariate modelling of precipitation and temperature using a non-homogeneous hidden Markov model

Aiming to generate realistic synthetic times series of the bivariate process of daily mean temperature and precipitations, we introduce a non-homogeneous hidden Markov model. The non-homogeneity lies in periodic transition probabilities between the hidden states, and time-dependent emission distributions. This enables the model to account for the non-stationary behaviour of weather variables. By carefully choosing the emission distributions, it is also possible to model the dependance structure between the two variables. The model is applied to several weather stations in Europe with various climates, and we show that it is able to simulate realistic bivariate time series

Surveying entrepreneurial readiness of Business Administration students - A case study in the University of Labour & Social Affairs (ULSA)

This research is conducted to explore the entrepreneurial readiness, along with its related factors, of business administration students from ULSA. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior by Ajzen, I., (1991), the researchers used the survey focusing on the influence of four factors: (1) the Entrepreneurial ability of students; (2) Motives/ Goals for students' entrepreneurship; (3) The impact of society on student entrepreneurship; (4) The impact of activities to support student entrepreneurship on "entrepreneurial readiness of students majoring in Business Administration at ULSA". The yielded results show that most factors have an average impact of 3/5 or more. Regarding the average impact, “Motives/ Goals for students’ entrepreneurship” has the highest rate of 4,06; followed by “The impact of society on student entrepreneurship” at 3,72; “The impact of activities to support student entrepreneurship” at 3,35; “Entrepreneurial ability of students” at 3,29

DIPLOMATIC STRUGGLE FOR MAINTAINING THE REVOLUTION AND STRENGTHENING THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT IN VIETNAM FROM SEPTEMBER 1945 TO THE 1946 PRELIMINARY AGREEMENT

After the successful August 1945 Revolution in Vietnam, the imperialist forces and reactionary henchmen in Vietnam conspired together to attempt to overthrow the newly established revolutionary government and destroy the achievements of the Vietnamese revolution. In this extremely dangerous situation, relying on the revolutionary momentum and strength of the newly liberated nation, the diplomatic struggle was soon deployed with clever and flexible strategies and measures that contributed to an important part in creating a temporary pause in order to maintain and strengthen the revolutionary government and to take advantage of preparing the strength for the national resistance war. The article focuses on clarifying the process of peaceful diplomatic struggle with Chiang Kai-shek's army in North Vietnam and stepping up the resistance against the French colonialists' re-invasion in South Vietnam by the Indochinese Communist Party and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The process of diplomatic struggle was deferred with France, coming to a preliminary agreement on March 6, 1946, pushing Chiang Kai-shek's army out of Vietnam.  Article visualizations

Sustainable Tourism Development - the Gap between Reality and Vision analysed by the Example of Sam Son (Vietnam)

Tourism is booming on global level since many decades and developing countries often capture tourism as a lever to push up their economy. Many regions in Vietnam invest lots of money in this development hoping to change the traditional economic structure. Located in the North Central Vietnam, about 170 km from Ha Noi capital to the south at the coastline, Sam Son is known as an ideal location for holiday makers. Currently the number of tourist has been counted to millions. Realizing its potential, the local authorities decided to enlarge and improve tourism to become the biggest tourism center in the North Central part of Vietnam. As many mass tourism destinations, Sam Son is facing several hidden drawbacks, which are generated by a (too) fast growth. Thats why unexpected problems may occur very soon. One path to mitigate weaknesses and to strengthen the positive impacts of tourism is to develop tourism in a more sustainable manner. As the very first step Sam Son needs to delineate a proper strategy and to establish a powerful "Destination Management System". Although several studies have been conducted already, the destination lacks reliable empirical data. This research intends to fill the gap by supplying concrete information with specific focus on “making tourism more sustainable”. In the study methodological triangulation has been applied to collect data and information. Besides literature review and secondary data analysis, two surveys - statistically well secured - have been conducted: A household survey with more than one thousand questionnaires to record the situation and opinion of local people and a visitor survey with 1139 face-to-face interviews to collect structural data about current guests in Sam Son as well as to explore their behaviour. Moreover expert and stakeholder interviews were included to supplement the information basis. As the research acquired the information directly from local people and from tourists by face-to-face interviews several weaknesses could be unveiled which official statistical data cannot show. There are three facets out of balance in terms of economic benefit: Compared with the political awareness and the financial support the tourism sector does not ensure the livelihood of an adequate number of people; the economic benefits from tourism are very unequally distributed and also the spatial dimension indicates a strong imbalance - only people living directly in the core area of tourism participate in tourism sector, the positive impact of tourism does not reach till the outskirts. In addition social and environmental problems are recognized by a majority of local people as consequences of tourism in the region. Regarding the touristic demand side a very low level of satisfaction has been detected: A small variety and low quality of touristic offers are the main reasons of dissatisfaction. The most exiting finding is that tourists treasure environment in the destination, whereas this aspect is underestimated in the locals view. In addition, tourists are really willing to pay for an improvement of environmental and touristic quality! Even if the amount of voluntary payments is very low, the total sum can enable the local government to develop the destination in a very proper way. Although this is a case study the results deliver valuable information and furthermore a concrete delineated roadmap for all destinations, which are in the same situation as Sam Son today. It is an example how to analyze and evaluate the present condition and how to continue in a proper way towards a more sustainable tourism development.Der Tourismus boomt seit mehreren Jahrzehnten auf globaler Ebene und viele Entwicklungsländer versuchen mit dieser Branche ihre Wirtschaft anzukurbeln. Auch etliche Regionen in Vietnam investieren viel Geld in den Tourismus, in der Hoffnung, damit ihre traditionelle Wirtschaftsstruktur zu verbessern. Für vietnamesische Urlauber ist Sam Son, etwa 170 km südlich von Ha Noi an der Küste gelegen, ein bekanntes Urlaubsziel. Derzeit verzeichnet diese Destination bereits über eine Millionen Gäste pro Jahr. Die politischen Entscheidungsträger haben beschlossen, den Tourismus weiter auszubauen und das Gebiet zu vergrößern, um dadurch zum größten Tourismuszentrum in der Region zu werden. So wie viele Massentourismus-Destination sieht sich Sam Son ebenfalls mit einer ganzen Reihe von ernsten Problemen konfrontiert, die sich aus einem (zu) schnellen Wachstum ergeben. Eine Möglichkeit, die derzeitigen Schwächen zu mildern und gleichzeitig mehr Vorteile aus dem Tourismus zu ziehen, liegt in einer Entwicklung, die sich strategisch stärker am Prinzip der Nachhaltigkeit orientiert. Zunächst muss Sam Son eine angemessene Strategie entwickeln und ein schlagkräftiges Destinations-Management-System einrichten. Obwohl schon einige Studien vorliegen, mangelt es immer noch an einer zuverlässigen empirischen Datengrundlage. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit möchte durch die Bereitstellung konkreter empirischer Informationen diese Lücke schließen und darüber hinaus den Fokus auf eine Strategie richten, die weitere touristische Entwicklung nachhaltiger zu gestalten. Für die Daten- und Informationssammlung ist hier die "Methodische Triangulation" eingesetzt worden. Neben einem intensiven Literaturstudium und der sekundärstatischen Auswertung vorhandener Daten sind zwei eigene Erhebungen - mit hoher statistischer Signifikanz - durchgeführt worden: Eine Haushaltsbefragung mit über 1000 Fragebögen, um die Meinung der lokalen Bevölkerung zu erfassen, und eine Gästebefragung mit 1139 Face-to-face-Interviews, um sowohl strukturelle Daten über die gegenwärtigen Touristen als auch deren Verhalten aufzunehmen. Zur Ergänzung der Informationsgrundlage sind zahlreiche Experteninternviews geführt worden. Durch die unmitttelbare Einbeziehung der lokalen Bevölkerung und der Gäste konnten etliche Schwächen aufgedeckt werden, die mit den Daten der Amtlichen Statistik nicht zu erkennen sind. Es gibt drei Bereiche, die sich nicht im notwendigen Gleichgewicht befinden: (i) Gemessen an der politischen Aufmerksamkeit und der finanziellen Förderung sichert der Tourismus zu wenigen Haushalten den notwendigen Lebensunterhalt; (ii) die positiven ökonomischen Effekte des Tourismus sind nicht gleichmäßig verteilt und auch (iii) ihre räumliche Verteilung ist sehr unausgewogen - es profitieren nur jene Leute, die direkt im Kernbereich des aktuellen Tourismusgeschehens wohnen, die Bewohner der Randbezirke und Vororte partizipieren nur wenig. Außerdem werden soziale und ökologische Probleme von der Mehrheit der Bevölkerung dem Tourismus angelastet. Auf der touristischen Nachfrageseite ist ein nur niedriges Zufriedenheitsniveau festzustellen: Die zu geringe Angebotsbreite und niedrige Servicequalität sind hierfür die Hauptgründe. Ein überaus spannendes Ergebniss ist die Feststellung, dass die Touristen die Umwelt in der Destination wert schätzen, wohingegen dieser Aspekt in der lokalen Bevölkerung stark vernachlässigt wird. Und vor allen Dingen: Die Touristen sind tatsächlich bereit für verbesserte Umweltbedingungen zu bezahlen! Auch, wenn der Betrag, den sie freiwillig bereit sind zu entrichten, auf den ersten Blick sehr niedrig erscheinen mag, der mögliche Gesamtbetrag würde es den Verantwortlichen ermöglichen, die Destination angemessen weiter zu entwicklen. Obwohl dieses eine Fallstudie ist, liefert sie doch sehr wertvolle Informationen und darüber hinaus auch eine hilfreiche "Roadmap" für alle Destination, die sich in der gleichen Situation wie Sam Son befinden. Es ist ein gutes Beispiel, wie man die aktuelle Situation zunächst erfasst und analysiert und wie eine Destination anschließend den Weg in Richtung einer nachhaltigen Weiterentwicklung einschlagen kann

The Preservation of Culture-Specific Items in Translation from Vietnamese to English

The article uses statistical, comparative, quantitative and qualitative methods, to determine the frequency of using certain translation strategies for translating CSIs (in the Dumb luck novel). The data generated by this method is a statistic showing the frequency of each translation strategy applied. From studying the application of CSI translation strategies, the article have been explored to find out the handling of cultural issues in translation, whether the translators are able to convey culture-specific items from the original to the translation English, and methods to optimize CSI translation. This study will provide results that help translators understand better how to use CSI translation strategies and evaluate the effectiveness of their work in the best way, how to preserve Vietnamese cultural values when translate Vietnamese to English