Konfucijansko učenje in pismenost v japonskih šolah obdobja Edo

With the political stability, economic growth and cultural revitalisation of Japan after its unification by Tokugawa Ieyasu, the educational infrastructure also grew to meet new literacy demands. Governmental schools endowed by the shogunate (Shōheikō) and by the domains (hankō), which catered to the upper military class of the samurai, focused on classical Chinese studies, particularly the Neo-Confucian canon taught in kanbun, a style of classical Chinese. Given the prestige of Neo-Confucian Chinese learning and of the kanbun writing style, these were taught also in temple schools (terakoya) and private academies (juku) that were open to the lower classes, thus contributing to the spread of this particular type of literacy. However, Chinese learning in these schools often involved memorising rather than reading, both because of educational traditions and socio-ideological factors, and also because of the sheer difficulty of reading kanbun, a de facto foreign language. The present article investigates the contrasting implications of Neo-Confucian learning and of the kanbun writing style for the development of education and literacy in Japanese society: while the prestige of Chinese learning contributed to the demand for and development of educational facilities, its complexity also acted as an obstacle to the development of widespread functional literacy.Potem ko je Tokugawa Ieyasu združil Japonsko, se je s politično stabilnostjo, gospodarsko rastjo in kulturnim preporodom ter zaradi rastoče potrebe po pismenosti razvila tudi izobraževalna infrastruktura. V šolah pod okriljem šogunata (Shōheikō) in provinc (hankō), kjer so se izobraževali samuraji, so poudarjali študij kitajskih klasikov, zlasti neokonfucijanskega kanona zapisanega v slogu kanbun, tj. vrsti klasične kitajščine. Zaradi velikega ugleda tako neokonfucijanskih kitajskih študij kot tudi pisnega sloga kanbun so se te vsebine učile tudi v šolah pod okriljem templjev (terakoya) in zasebnih šolah (juku), ki so bile dostopne nižjim družbenim slojem. To je prispevalo k širjenju te vrste pismenosti, toda učenje kitajskih vsebin v teh šolah je pogosto potekalo v obliki pomnjenja na pamet bolj kot branja in razumevanja, tako zaradi družbeno-ideoloških dejavnikov in japonske vzgojne tradicije, kot tudi zaradi težavnosti branja sloga kanbun, ki je bil dejansko tuj jezik. Članek obravnava nasprotujoča si vpliva neokonfucijanskega učenja in uporabe pisnega sloga kanbun na razvoj izobraževanja in pismenosti v Japonski družbi: po eni strani je ugled kitajske učenosti prispeval k povpraševanju po izobraževalnih ustanovah in k njihovemu razvoju, po drugi pa je kompleksnost tega sloga in sistema pisanja delovala kot ovira k razvoju splošne funkcijske pismenosti

Methodology of surface evaluation after engraving with AWJ

Rezanje z abrazivnim vodnim curkom (AVC) je vsestransko uporabljen postopek konturnega rezanja. Visok tlak pospeši vodni curek skozi ozko šobo, kjer mu primešamo abrazivna zrna. Zaradi visoke hitrosti in masnega doprinosa abrazivnih delcev dobimo curek z visoko kinetično energijo, kar odnaša material obdelovanca. Pri rezanju smo omejeni z debelino obdelovanca, ki je odvisna od moči samega curka. Za ta postopek je značilen pojav valovitosti, zlasti v spodnjem delu reza, ki je nezaželen, saj nam kvari geometrijo obdelovanca. V delu smo pregledali literaturo, povezano z značilnimi pojavi na površini obdelovancev po rezanju z AVC. V eksperimentalnem delu smo preučili vpliv masnega pretoka abraziva in podajalne hitrosti na značilnosti dobljene površine po graviranju z AVC ter iskali povezavo z nastajanjem valovitosti reza. Poskuse smo opravili na aluminijevi zlitini 5083. Globine gravur smo omejili na maksimalno 3 mm, kjer smo si pomagali z Zengovo enačbo za izračun teoretičnih globin reza. Eksponente te enačbe smo uspešno prilagodili in dosegli natančnejše napovedovanje globine graviranja. Rezultate smo vrednotili s pomočjo grafov močnostnega spektra, ter ugotovili, da se za izbrane parametre v razponu podajanja od 500 do 900 mm/min ter masnega pretoka od 12 do 48 g/min, nastanek valovitosti še ne pokaže.Abrasive water jet cutting (AWJ) is a versatile contour cutting process. High pressure accelerates the water jet through a narrow nozzle, where it is mixed with abrasive grains. Due to the high velocity and mass contribution of the abrasive particles, a high-kinetic energy jet is obtained, which erodes workpiece material. When cutting, we are limited by the thickness of the workpiece, which depends on the power of the jet itself. This process is characterized by an occurrence of waveform, especially in the lower part of the cut, which is undesirable, since it negatively impacts on the geometry of the workpiece. We reviewed literature related to the typical phenomena on the surface of the workpieces after cutting with the AWJ. In the experimental part we studied the influence of the abrasive mass flow rate and the feed speed rate on the characteristics of the surface after engraving with the AWJ and sought a connection with the formation of the waviness. Experiments were done on aluminum alloy 5083. The depth of the engraving was limited to a maximum of 3 mm, the Zeng\u27s equation was used to calculate the theoretical depths of the cut. The exponents of this equation were successfully adapted and more precise forecast of the depth for the engraving was achived. The results were evaluated using graphs of the power spectrum. It has been found that for the selected parameters in the feed speed range from 500 to 900 mm/min and mass flow rate from 12 to 48 g/min, there is no formation of waviness yet

Pathophysiological mechanisms of joint implant loosening

Overthe past half-century, there have been many advances in the design, construction, and implantation of joint prostheses, resulting in a high percentage of successful long-term outcomes. One of the most common concerns of both patients and physicians is the problem of joint replacements becoming loose over time. Causes of failure include infections, aseptic loosening, dislocations, and fracture of the prosthesis or bone. Multidisciplinary research team studies are needed for an improvement in understanding in pathophysiological mechanisms of joint implant loosening and failure, which is the key point to improve implant survival and to minimize revisions

The Japanese-Slovene dictionary jaSlo: its development, enhancement and use

The Japanese-Slovene dictionary jaSlo: its development, enhancement and useThe paper presents the on-line Japanese-Slovene dictionary jaSlo, in particular the ways in which it has been used, and how it has been extended with examples mined from a parallel corpus. The paper first describes jaSlo and the structure of its dictionary entry, its Web interface for searching, and an analysis of the access logs. The use of jaSlo in the context of the Japanese reading-support tool Reading Tutor is described next, again followed by an analysis of the access logs. Also discussed is the manner in which usage examples were added to the dictionary, and an evaluation of their usefulness. The paper concludes with directions for further work

Real-time PCR applications in clinical research and diagnostics

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has enabled enormous progress in the field of molecular biology in the last twenty-five years. It became popular due to its high sensitivity and specificity and was introduced to numerous scientific fields. Today many different variants of PCR exist, with real-time PCR being the most common. This method is being successfully used at our institution for a variety of different applications, among which gene expression analyzes and development of protocols for clinical diagnostics currently dominate. But the extreme flexibility and customizability of real-time PCR, coupled with our team’s expertise, ensures efficient application of this technique to various new research projects

「日本語非母語話者の読解コーパス」から見える非漢字圏日本語学習者の辞書使用

University of Ljubljana / National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics会議名: 言語資源活用ワークショップ2019, 開催地: 国立国語研究所, 会期: 2019年9月2日−4日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 コーパス開発センター非漢字圏日本語学習者が日本語を読む際、読めない漢字や分からない言葉を辞書で調べるのに相当な時間を費やすが、学習者がどんな辞書をどのように使い、そこでどんな工夫と困難点がみられるかを探るために、国立国語研究所で開発中の「日本語非母語話者の読解コーパス」に収録されたデータの一部を、辞書使用という観点から分析した。このコーパスのデータは、日本語学習者が普段使っている辞書などのツールを使いながら各自が選んだ文章を読み、理解したことを母語で話す場面を録音（一部録画）、文字化したデータである。調査対象はヨーロッパ各地の大学で日本語を習っている初級から上級までの学習者29名のデータである。分析の結果、辞書選びの段階から、検索を実行し、得られた情報を文脈へ適用する段階まで様々な工夫と困難点がみられたが、より効果的な辞書使用の指導に向けた辞書使用分析の枠組みとデータアノテーションについて述べる

Moving neuromuscular disorders research forward: from novel models to clinical studies

Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) encompass a diverse group of genetic diseases characterized by loss of muscle functionality. Despite extensive efforts to develop therapies, no curative treatment exists for any of the NMDs. For multiple disorders, however, therapeutic strategies are currently being tested in clinical settings, and the first successful treatments have now entered clinical practice (e.g. spinraza for spinal muscular atrophy). Successful clinical translation depends on the quality and translatability of preclinical findings and on the predictive value of the experimental models used in their initial development. This Special Issue of Disease Models & Mechanisms has a particular focus on translational research for NMDs. The collection includes original research focusing on advances in the development of novel in vitro and in vivo models, broader understanding of disease pathology and progression, and approaches to modify the disease course in these models. We also present a series of special articles and reviews that highlight our understanding of cellular mechanisms, biomarkers to tract disease pathology, the diversity of mouse models for NMDs, the importance of high-quality preclinical studies and data validation, and the pitfalls of successfully moving a potential therapeutic strategy to the clinic. In this Editorial, we summarize the highlights of these articles and place their findings in the broader context of the NMD research field.Functional Genomics of Muscle, Nerve and Brain Disorder

Integrative molecular characterization of malignant pleural mesothelioma

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly lethal cancer of the lining of the chest cavity. To expand our understanding of MPM, we conducted a comprehensive integrated genomic study, including the most detailed analysis of BAP1 alterations to date. We identified histology-independent molecular prognostic subsets, and defined a novel genomic subtype with TP53 and SETDB1 mutations and extensive loss of heterozygosity. We also report strong expression of the immune-checkpoint gene VISTA in epithelioid MPM, strikingly higher than in other solid cancers, with implications for the immune response to MPM and for its immunotherapy. Our findings highlight new avenues for further investigation of MPM biology and novel therapeutic options. SIGNIFICANCE: Through a comprehensive integrated genomic study of 74 MPMs, we provide a deeper understanding of histology-independent determinants of aggressive behavior, define a novel genomic subtype with TP53 and SETDB1 mutations and extensive loss of heterozygosity, and discovered strong expresssion of the immune-checkpoint gene VISTA in epithelioid MPM