Ageing Policies in Slovenia: Before and After "Austerity"

Similarly, to other European countries, Slovenia is facing ageing of the population. The European Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations in 2012 and the recent economic crisis have influenced social policy in the area of ageing and care for older people. While the EY2012 has raised awareness about issues related to the ageing of the population, the economic crisis after 2008 has put pressure on the welfare system. The purpose of the chapter is to examine the influences of the EY2012 together with the changes in social policies, i.e., austerity measures, which were the results of economic crisis. We analyzed the dominant trends in the development of the care for older people, starting from 1992, when Slovenia gained independence, until the recent economic crisis. We have confirmed the main thesis, claiming that the EY2012 had beneficial effects in raising the awareness about population ageing in general population, but was not followed by the policy development, which would be useful for older people. Moreover, the social policy development was marked by results of austerity measures, which significantly worsen the quality of life of older people and their families

Wann wird Sex zum Vergnügen? Sexuelle Befriedigung unter slowenischen Jugendlichen

The main aim of the paper is to provide, on the basis of a survey of youth sexuality in Slovenia, support for the thesis that sexual experience, including sexual satisfaction, is largely socially con-strued. First, the indices of satisfaction and dissatisfaction among Slovenian respondents with their first and most recent sexual intercourse are presented and compared to the results of similar surveys conducted in Austria and Germany. Then, some cultural and social causes of variation in the levels of sexual satisfaction of Slovenian youth are analysed in the next two parts of the paper. The analysis focuses on two sets of variables influencing sexual satisfaction – the first represents the socio-cultural context of sexual communication, and the second, the internal dynamic of sexual communication. The analysis is motivated by a hypothesis that both sets of variables are strongly linked to the level of sexual satisfaction, although it can be expected that the link will be more obvious for the second set of variables. This hypothesis is only partly confirmed by the available data.The variables related to the socio-cultural context of sexual communication are not systematically linked to the level of sexual satisfaction among Slovenian respondents, whereas the other set of variables has some influence on the level of sexual satisfaction, but less than expected. The findings do not allow any broad conclusions. Nevertheless, they suggest that the explanation of the "social construction of sexual satisfaction" should be sought mostly in the dynamics of communication within sexual dyads.Osnovni cilj ovoga rada je potvrditi, na temelju istraživanja seksualnosti mladih u Sloveniji, hipotezu da je seksualno iskustvo, uključujući seksualno zadovoljstvo, uglavnom društveno uvjetovano. Prvo, indeksi zadovoljstva i nezadovoljstva s prvim i najnovijim seksualnim odnosom u slovenskih ispitanika predstavljeni su i uspoređeni s rezultatima sličnih istraživanja u Austriji i Njemačkoj. Zatim, u sljedeća su dva dijela rada analizirani neki kulturni i društveni uzroci različitosti razina seksualnog zadovoljstva mladih u Sloveniji. Analiza je usredotočena na dvije skupine varijabla koje utječu na seksualno zadovoljstvo – prva predstavlja sociokulturni kontekst seksualne komunikacije, a druga unutarnju dinamiku seksualne komunikacije. Analizu je potaknula hipoteza po kojoj su obje skupine varijabla snažno povezane s razinom seksualnoga zadovoljstva, iako se može očekivati da će ta veza biti uočljivija za drugu skupini varijabla. Dostupni podaci samo su dijelom potvrdili ovu hipotezu. Varijable povezane sa sociokulturnim kontekstom seksualne komunikacije nisu sustavno povezane s razinom seksualnoga zadovoljstva među slovenskim ispitanicima, a druga skupina varijabla donekle utječe na razinu seksualnoga zadovoljstva, ali manje nego što je bilo očekivano. Nalazi, stoga, ne dopuštaju općenite zaključke. Ipak, ukazuju na to da tumačenje "društvenog ustrojstva seksualnog zadovoljstva" valja tražiti u dinamici komuniciranja unutar seksualnih diada.Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist, aufgrund von Untersuchungen zur Sexualität junger Menschen in Slowenien die Hypothese zu bestätigen, dass sexuelle Erfahrung, einschließlich sexueller Befriedigung, hauptsächlich gesellschaftlich bedingt ist. Zunächst präsentieren die Autoren die Indizes der Befriedigung bzw. Nichtbefriedigung beim ersten sowie beim jüngsten Geschlechtsverkehr unter slowenischen Umfrageteilnehmern und vergleichen sie mit den Ergebnissen ähnlicher Untersuchungen aus Österreich und Deutschland. Im zweiten und dritten Teil der Studie werden einige kulturelle und gesellschaftliche Faktoren analysiert, die Unterschiede in der sexuellen Befriedigung slowenischer Jugendlicher bewirken. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf zwei Variablengruppen, die das Phänomen der sexuellen Befriedigung beeinflussen: die erste Variablengruppe stellt den soziokulturellen Kontext geschlechtlicher Kommunikation dar, die zweite wiederum die innere Dynamik geschlechtlicher Kommunikation. Die genannte Analyse wurde angeregt durch die Hypothese, wonach beide Variablengruppen sehr stark mit dem sexuellen Befriedigungsgrad verbunden sind, obwohl durchaus zu erwarten wäre, dass dieser Bezug auch in einer anderen Variablengruppe erkennbar ist. Die verfügbaren Angaben haben die eingangs aufgestellte Hypothese nur zum Teil bestätigt. Variablen, die mit dem soziokulturellen Kontext sexueller Kommunikation verbunden sind, zeigen keinerlei systematischen Bezug zum sexuellen Befriedigungsgrad unter den slowenischen Umfrageteilnehmern, während die andere der genannten Variablengruppen einigermaßen den sexuellen Befriedigungsgrad beeinflusst, aber dennoch weniger als erwartet. Die Umfrageergebnisse lassen daher keine allgemeineren Schlüsse zu. Trotzdem vermitteln sie den Hinweis, dass eine Deutung der "gesellschaftlichen Bedingtheit sexueller Befriedigung" in der Kommunikationsdynamik innerhalb sexueller Diaden zu suchen ist

Karakteristike i odrednice međugeneracijskih financijskih transfera unutar obitelji koje se koriste mješovitom skrbi za starije osobe

The provision of care to dependent elderly parents or parents-in- -law is an important part of intergenerational exchange within families, especially in countries where the long-term care system is based predominantly on family care. However, in mixed-care networks, care tasks are shared between family members and formal carers. Additionally, adult children may need to financially help their parents, especially due to the financial burden that formal care places on the elderly. We used the Slovenian national survey of social home care users and their family members, collected in 2013, to observe the characteristics and determinants of intergenerational financial transfers in families that use mixed care, within dyads comprising a care recipient and a family caregiver. The findings show that there is a considerable proportion of financial exchange among the observed dyads. Furthermore, among the determinants, the income of the elderly person and amount of care received are important for financial flows upward (to the elderly parent) and downward (from the elderly parent). The concurrent flows differ; their main determinants are the carer\u27s age, household size and education.Pružanje skrbi starijim roditeljima ili roditeljima partnera važan je dio međugeneracijske solidarnosti unutar obitelji, osobito u zemljama u kojima se dugoročni sustav skrbi zasniva pretežno na obiteljskoj skrbi. Međutim, u sustavima mješovite skrbi potrebnu skrb zajedno pružaju članovi obitelji i pružatelji formalne skrbi. Osim toga, odrasla će djeca možda morati i financijski pomagati svojim roditeljima, posebno zbog financijskoga tereta što ga formalna skrb nameće starijim osobama. Rad se temelji na Slovenskom nacionalnom istraživanju korisnika socijalne skrbi i članova njihovih obitelji. Podaci su prikupljeni 2013. godine radi promatranja karakteristika i odrednica međugeneracijskih financijskih transfera u obiteljima koje se koriste mješovitom skrbi, unutar dijada koje uključuju primatelja skrbi i obiteljskoga skrbnika. Rezultati pokazuju da postoji osjetna financijska razmjena između promatranih dijada. Nadalje, odrednice važne za financijske tijekove prema gore (starijem roditelju) i prema dolje (od starijega roditelja) jesu prihod starijih osoba i iznos primljene skrbi, dok se kod istodobnih tijekova sredstava one razlikuju; glavne su odrednice starost pružatelja skrbi, veličina kućanstva i obrazovanje

Reklame, potrošačka kultura i strast

Reklame se nalaze svuda oko nas. One su postale naša svakodnevica. Često se desi da zabavne i smiješne reklame šaljemo i dijelimo svojim prijateljima da bi ih i oni mogli vidjeti i dijeliti isto mišljenje s nama. Često se traži dobra ideja, no što je uopće dobra ideja i da li je dobra ideja stvarana da bi bila dobra za svakoga. Svi smo mi različiti, imamo različito razmišljanje te se zbog toga nekome može svidjeti, a drugome ne. Dobra reklama znači i biti kreativna reklama. Kreativac vidi ono što netko drugi nije vidio u svakodnevnom životu. Često se uzimaju neke ideje koje nisu dobro provedene te ih na nov i kreativan način oblikuje u potpuno novu i zanimljivu ideju. U ovom radu pokušat ću objasniti kako nastaju kreativne ideje te ih prikazati kroz primjere. Pošto su reklame svakodnevno prisutne u našem životu one na nas djeluju i pozitivno i negativno. Ipak veći utjecaj imaju na djecu jer smo mi često svjesni njihovog utjecaja. Cilj oglašavanja je prvenstveno prodaja proizvoda ili usluge. No glavno pitanje je kada smo i zašto postali tako veliki potrošači. Kažemo da nam nije važan brand proizvoda, no ipak, kada se nađemo u takvoj situaciji, ipak biramo brand zato jer je to ono poznato i vjerujemo da s njim dolazi i kvaliteta. Isto tako sve se uglavnom svodi na kupnju i potrošnju, sve više postaje važnije ono materijalno od pravih vrijednosti

Predictors of satisfaction with life in family carers: evidence from the third European quality of life survey

This research aimed to identify predictors of satisfaction with life in family carers. Evidence from the literature and from the Third European Quality of Life Survey (years 2011–2012) led to the construction of a model which was tested through linear regression analysis. The results corroborate findings from previous studies identified in the literature, showing that married and employed carers with higher education, those with fewer difficulties making ends meet with their household income and those who are healthier have higher levels of satisfaction with life. Carers that participate in physical and social activities and have larger informal social support networks also have higher levels of satisfaction with life. Those reporting difficulties finding time to see a doctor for their own health due to their caregiving role and those experiencing difficulties in accessing formal long-term care have lower satisfaction with life. Policies aiming at balancing care and other activities, such as work, respite and activities in other life spheres, may have an important influence on informal carers’ quality of life

International Conference on Methodology and Statistics, Ljubljana, 15-18 September 2002

Conférence internationale de méthodologie et de statistique, Ljubljana, du 15 au 16 septembre 2002: Lors de cette vingtième conférence annuelle en Slovenie sur la méthodologie et les statistiques en sciences sociales, les présentateurs invités ont été Patrick Doreian, John C. Gover, Robin Henderson et Donald B. Rubin. Il y avait deux sessions plénaires, quatre autres présentations invitées et un total de 78 papiers présentés.This was the twentieth annual conference in Slovenia on methodology and statistics in the social sciences and included invited presentations by Patrick Doreian, John C. Gover, Robin Henderson and Donald B. Rubin. There were two plenary lectures, four invited presentations and a total of 78 papers presented

Influencia de Factores Contextuales y Organizativos sobre la Combinación del Cuidado Informal y Formal de Personas Mayores. El Caso Esloveno

The need and availability of informal carers are the most important determinants of care arrangements for older people requiring care. In the present study, we focus on the role of predisposing, enabling factors as well as need in predicting the distribution of care arrangements of social home care users in Slovenia. We not only included individual factors but also community factors and, even more importantly, we addressed the organisational factors which have an effect on formal care usage. In a case study in Slovenia we showed that, apart from need for and availability of an informal care network, which were the strongest predictors of care arrangements (no care, informal care only, formal care only, mixed care) across the activities of daily living, organisational factors such as the temporal availability of social home care and the number of users were the second most important predictors of care arrangements of social home care users. The implications for the conceptual framework for studying care arrangements within national studies as well as in cross-national studies are discussed.La necesidad y disponibilidad de cuidadores informales son los determinantes más importantes de los servicios de cuidado para personas mayores que lo necesitan. En este estudio, nos centramos en el papel de los factores facilitadores y en la necesidad de predecir la distribución de los servicios de cuidado en Eslovenia. Consideramos factores tanto individuales como comunitarios y, en mayor medida, factores organizativos que influyen en el uso del cuidado formal. Mostramos que, aparte de la necesaria disponibilidad de una red de cuidado informal, factores como la disponibilidad temporal de servicios de cuidado en el hogar y el número de usuarios fueron los segundos predictores más importantes. Discutimos las implicaciones sobre el marco conceptual para el estudio de los servicios de cuidado a nivel nacional y transnacional

Care for the Elderly in Slovenia: A Combination of Informal and Formal Care

Najveći udio skrbi za starije osobe koje žive u vlastitim domovima dolazi od neformalnih pružatelja: članova obitelji, prijatelja i susjeda. Uz razvoj usluga u zajednici kao što su zdravstvena skrb u zajednici, osobni sustav osiguranja za starije osobe ili gumb za paniku, kućnu njegu i slične usluge, neformalnu skrb podupiru formalni oblici skrbi u zajednici. Koristili smo podatke iz istraživanja SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe - Istraživanje o zdravlju, starenju i umirovljenju u Europi) kako bismo procijenili broj osoba (starijih od 65 godina) koji primaju individualnu vrstu skrbi (nikakvu skrb, samo neformalnu skrb, samo formalnu skrb, kombinaciju oba tipa skrbi), kao i broj osoba koje trebaju skrb, ali je ne dobivaju. Isto tako, koristili smo metodu multinomijalne logističke regresije za evaluaciju čimbenika koji utječu na tip skrbi. Kao i u drugim europskim zemljama, potreba i dostupnost neformalnih pružatelja skrbi najviše utječu na ovaj tip skrbi, dok distribucija tipova skrbi najviše sliči onoj u mediteranskim zemljama.Most care provided to the elderly living at home comes from informal caregivers: family members, friends and neighbours. With the development of community services such as community healthcare, personal lifeline systems for the elderly or the panic button, home care and similar, informal care is enhanced by formal community forms of care. The data from the SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) survey was used to estimate the number of people (over 65 years old) who receive an individual type of care (no care, only informal care, only formal care, a combination of the two), as well as the number of people who need care, but fail to receive it. The multinomial logistic regression method was also used to evaluate the factors that influence the type of care. Similar to other European countries, the need and the availability of informal caregivers have the strongest influence on the type of care, whereas the distribution of types of care mostly resembles Mediterranean countries

How Many Older Informal Caregivers Are There in Europe? Comparison of Estimates of Their Prevalence from Three European Surveys

Informal caregivers are people providing some type of unpaid, ongoing assistance to a person with a chronic illness or disability. Long-term care measures and policies cannot take place without taking into account the quantitatively crucial role played by informal caregivers. We use the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS), the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), and the Study on Health and Ageing in Europe (SHARE) to measure the prevalence of informal caregivers in the European population, and analyze associated socio-demographic factors. This rate ranges between about 13 percent in Portugal and Spain, and more than 22 percent in Luxembourg, Belgium, and Denmark. It declines in older age groups and, on average, is lower in men than in women in all countries studied, and lower among the poorly educated compared to those with higher levels of education. However, large variance was observed in the average share of informal caregivers for most countries between the three surveys. Our findings, estimated through the three surveys, reveal common trends, but also a series of disparities. Additional research will be needed to enable policy makers to access a richer and more harmonized body of data, allowing them to adopt truly evidence-based and targeted policies and interventions in this field.Peer Reviewe