Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe

Europe’s prehistory oversaw dynamic and complex interactions of diverse societies, hitherto unexplored at detailed regional scales. Studying 271 human genomes dated ~4900 to 1600 BCE from the European heartland, Bohemia, we reveal unprecedented genetic changes and social processes. Major migrations preceded the arrival of “steppe” ancestry, and at ~2800 BCE, three genetically and culturally differentiated groups coexisted. Corded Ware appeared by 2900 BCE, were initially genetically diverse, did not derive all steppe ancestry from known Yamnaya, and assimilated females of diverse backgrounds. Both Corded Ware and Bell Beaker groups underwent dynamic changes, involving sharp reductions and complete replacements of Y-chromosomal diversity at ~2600 and ~2400 BCE, respectively, the latter accompanied by increased Neolithic-like ancestry. The Bronze Age saw new social organization emerge amid a ≥40% population turnover.Peer reviewe

Interdisciplinary research of medieval sacral architecture

The methodology is divided into three basic areas of the cognitive process of sacral architecture, which differ according to the nature of the studied sources. I. Problems of knowledge of sacral architecture on the basis of written, cartographic and pictorial sources. II. Sacral architecture in terms of material sources of archaeological nature (artifacts, ecofacts and their finds). III. Sacral architecture on the basis of material sources of a building nature, examined by a building historical survey. These areas are accompanied by subchapters devoted to other methods, other cognitive and documentation processes. A necessary part are also small excursion chapters, in which specific examples from research practice are described