Semihard Interactions in Nuclear Collisions Based on a Unified Approach to High Energy Scattering

Our ultimate goal is the construction of a model for interactions of two nuclei in the energy range between several tens of GeV up to several TeV per nucleon in the centre-of-mass system. Such nuclear collisions are very complex, being composed of many components, and therefore some strategy is needed to construct a reliable model. The central point of our approach is the hypothesis, that the behavior of high energy interactions is universal (universality hypothesis). So, for example, the hadronization of partons in nuclear interactions follows the same rules as the one in electron-positron annihilation; the radiation of off-shell partons in nuclear collisions is based on the same principles as the one in deep inelastic scattering. We construct a model for nuclear interactions in a modular fashion. The individual modules, based on the universality hypothesis, are identified as building blocks for more elementary interactions (like e^+ e^-, lepton-proton), and can therefore be studied in a much simpler context. With these building blocks under control, we can provide a quite reliable model for nucleus-nucleus scattering, providing in particular very useful tests for the complicated numerical procedures using Monte Carlo techniques.Comment: 10 pages, no figures; Proc. of the ``Workshop on Nuclear Matter in Different Phases and Transitions'', Les Houches, France, March 31 - April 10, 199

Ecological factors and specific behavioural patterns determining primate diet

The variety of field methods --- sampling or continuous observation of feeding, measurement of food intake by kind or weight, analysis of stomach contents, the choice of which is dictated by local circumstances --- have resulted in real progress in defining and explaining specific food choices and feeding strategies; they do allow comparisons to be made. The ecological background has been clarified considerably, but fuller laboratory studies are necessary before we can implement on any practical scale the theoretical approach of feeding 'economy' advanced by Altmann, and more quantitative data on food intake must be accumulated before comparisons can be made with human nutrition, as shown by I. de Garine. The continued collection of quantitative data n both field and laboratory is necessary to consolidate our understanding of the energetic and nutritional aspects of feeding and of the dynamics of primate communities --- to explain how and why diets are strictly maintained in the different ecological niches

Mécanique quantique: atomes et noyaux, applications technologiques : cours et exercices corrigés

Présentation éditeur: Cet ouvrage s\u27adresse aux étudiants en Masters de physique, de physique appliquée, de nanosciences et de nanotechnologies. Il est également destiné aux élèves ingénieurs des écoles supérieures de physique et de chimie, ainsi qu\u27aux candidats aux CAPES et à l\u27agrégation de physique et chimie. Dans cette nouvelle édition revue, complétée et actualisée, les auteurs développent, entre autres, les modèles atomiques en approfondissant notamment le problème quantique à trois corps et plus particulièrement celui de l\u27atome d\u27hélium, ainsi que la théorie du noyau et son influence sur la structure hyperfine des niveaux électroniques. Partant des fondements de la mécanique quantique, ce cours donne l\u27essentiel du formalisme nécessaire à son développement : opérateurs, fonctions d\u27onde, groupes et représentations, spineurs... Ensuite, les phénomènes quantiques fondamentaux : spin, structures fine et hyperfine des niveaux quantiques, structure nucléaire, indiscernabilité, transitions... sont détaillés et analysés grâce au formalisme quantique. L\u27utilisation de la théorie des groupes et de celle des spineurs en mécanique quantique est l\u27un des intérêts pédagogiques de ce cours. Par ailleurs, de nombreuses applications technologiques sont étudiées afin de montrer l\u27importance et le rôle de la mécanique quantique dans les développements scientifiques et industriels. Les auteurs ont réduit les difficultés mathématiques en donnant, dans des chapitres distincts, tous les compléments mathématiques nécessaires afin de rendre l\u27ouvrage autonome. De très nombreux exercices corrigés complètent le cours

Self-Consistency Requirement in High-Energy Nuclear Scattering

Practically all serious calculations of exclusive particle production in ultra-relativistic nuclear or hadronic interactions are performed in the framework of Gribov-Regge theory or the eikonalized parton model scheme. It is the purpose of this paper to point out serious inconsistencies in the above-mentioned approaches. We will demonstrate that requiring theoretical self-consistency reduces the freedom in modeling high energy nuclear scattering enormously. We will introduce a fully self-consistent formulation of the multiple-scattering scheme in the framework of a Gribov-Regge type effective theory. In addition, we develop new computational techniques which allow for the first time a satisfactory solution of the problem in the sense that calculation s of observable quantities can be done strictly within a self-consistent formalism.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

Relationships between threshold-based PROP sensitivity and food preferences of Tunisians

International audienceThe extent to which taste responses - and notably the genetically determined sensitivity to 6-npropylthiouracil (PROP) - influences food preferences and food use is still a matter of debate. We addressed the issue on the basis of a behavioural and anthropological study performed in Tunis in 1999. The working sample consists of 123 adults of both sexes (38 men, 85 women), aged 19 to 59, in various social categories. Taste recognition thresholds for sucrose, fructose, sodium chloride, quinine hydrochloride, citric acid, tannic acid, oak tannin and PROP were determined by presenting, in a semi-randomised order (blind-test), series of graded aqueous solutions of each product. Subjects also tasted and rated the pleasantness/unpleasantness of 4 supra-threshold solutions of NaCl and sucrose. All subjects completed a checklist of 43 food items representative of Tunisian diet, rated in terms of flavour, cost, effect on health and prestige on a Labelled Affective Magnitude (LAM) scale. According to the underlying distribution of PROP thresholds, the subjects were separated into three categories: "non-tasters", "medium-threshold tasters", and "low-threshold tasters". Results bring out the specificity of low-threshold tasters, as exhibiting a greater taste sensitivity for most tested substances. Low-threshold taster status is also linked to higher mean food preferences ratings irrespective of sex, age and socio-cultural influences. Tasters as a group (medium-threshold tasters + low-threshold tasters) do not exhibit a higher percentage of food dislikes; however PROP sensitivity is negatively correlated with hedonic responses to NaCl solutions. These results together with the evidence of a limited set of food actually used by low-threshold tasters suggest that these subjects might have difficulties at overcoming an inherent neophobia

Parton-Based Gribov-Regge Theory

We present a new parton model approach for hadron-hadron interactions and, in particular, for the initial stage of nuclear collisions at very high energies (RHIC, LHC and beyond). The most important aspect of our approach is a self-consistent treatment, using the same formalism for calculating cross sections and particle production, based on an effective, QCD-inspired field theory, where many of the inconsistencies of presently used models will be avoided. In addition, we provide a unified treatment of soft and hard scattering, such that there is no fundamental cutoff parameter any more defining an artificial border between soft and hard scattering. Our approach cures some of the main deficiencies of two of the standard procedures currently used: the Gribov-Regge theory and the eikonalized parton model. There, cross section calculations and particle production cannot be treated in a consistent way using a common formalism. In particular, energy conservation is taken care of in case of particle production, but not concerning cross section calculations. In addition, hard contributions depend crucially on some cutoff, being divergent for the cutoff being zero. Finally, in case of several elementary scatterings, they are not treated on the same level: the first collision is always treated differently than the subsequent ones. All these problems are solved in our new approach

A Polynomial Translation from the Two-Variable Guarded Fragment with Number Restrictions to the Guarded Fragment

We consider a two-variable guarded fragment with number restrictions for binary relations and give a satisfiability preserving transformation of formulas in this fragment to the three-variable guarded fragment. The translation can be computed in polynomial time and produces a formula that is linear in the size of the initial formula even for the binary coding of number restrictions. This allows one to reduce reasoning problems for many description logics to the satisfiability problem for the guarded fragment

Conservation et introduction de lémuriens sur l'îlot Mbouzy (Mayotte)

À Mayotte, l'îlot Mbouzi est un lieu remarquable par son milieu naturel en grande partie préservé, alors qu'il se situe à proximité de la ville principale, Mamoudzou. Il fait l'objet d'une demande de classement en réserve naturelle. Nous pensons utile d'apporter quelques éléments pouvant servir à la réflexion sur l'avenir de cet îlot, et d'établir une sorte d'état des lieux concernant son intérêt biologique. Quelles sont les possibilités d'équilibre à long terme entre les populations animales et végétales, sachant qu'une association (loi de 1901) consacr

Environmental risks and challenges associated with neonicotinoid insecticides

Neonicotinoid use has increased rapidly in recent years, with a global shift toward insecticide applications as seed coatings rather than aerial spraying. While the use of seed coatings can lessen the amount of overspray and drift, the near universal and prophylactic use of neonicotinoid seed coatings on major agricultural crops has led to widespread detections in the environment (pollen, soil, water, honey). Pollinators and aquatic insects appear to be especially susceptible to the effects of neonicotinoids with current research suggesting that chronic sublethal effects are more prevalent than acute toxicity. Meanwhile, evidence of clear and consistent yield benefits from the use of neonicotinoids remains elusive for most crops. Future decisions on neonicotinoid use will benefit from weighing crop yield benefits versus environmental impacts to nontarget organisms and considering whether there are more environmentally benign alternatives