Towards a dynamic reference frame in Iceland

There is a growing need for geodetic reference frames that on a national level support the increas-ing use of global positioning services. Today, the vast majority of countries have their own national ref-erence frame. In Europe this frame is normally aligned to ETRS89. This system is co-moving with theEurasian tectonic plate. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and global positioning services arenormally aligned to the Earth as a whole through a global reference frame like ITRF2014. Consequently,global positioning services does not give direct access to the national reference frame without a time-dependent transformation.A solution is to align the national reference frame directly to a global reference frame. In such aframe, the coordinates of a point fixed to the ground will change with time, - a fact leading to the expres-sion dynamic reference frame (DRF).To be prepared for future challenges, the Nordic Geodetic Commission (NKG) initiated a pilot-project on DRF in Iceland. Iceland has a very active and complex geodynamic situation. It is located atthe boundary of two tectonic plates and affected by seismic and volcanic activity, recent ice loadingchanges as well as glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Due to this, the traditional concept of a static geo-detic reference frame is difficult to maintain at the uncertainty level required by modern applications.Iceland was therefore a natural place to investigate the concept of DRF.This paper focuses on the outcome and conclusions of the DRF project in Iceland. We give tenpreconditions for a DRF. Living on an ever-changing Earth, we see that many of these preconditionshave to be in place regardless of type of reference frame. Through the work in the Nordic countries andNKG, the Nordic area will be well prepared for the future challenges. However, some legal issues forinstance, can be challenging. A two-frame solution combining static- and dynamic- reference framesseems like the best alternative in the foreseeable future

The Agrarian Life of the North 2000 BC AD 1000

The 14 articles presented in this publication represent some of the latest and most relevant research on rural settlement and farming from the Late Neolithic through the Early Medieval Period in Norway. It deals with the impact of climate change, plague and the AD 536â 7 volcanic event and some of the earliest farms north of the Arctic Circle. It provides new perspectives and archaeological evidence for the Viking age farm of Norway, differences in regional settlement structures of agrarian societies, the relation between houses and graves in the Iron Age, and varying food practices as indicators of societal change

The Agrarian Life of the North 2000 BC AD 1000

The 14 articles presented in this publication represent some of the latest and most relevant research on rural settlement and farming from the Late Neolithic through the Early Medieval Period in Norway. It deals with the impact of climate change, plague and the AD 536â 7 volcanic event and some of the earliest farms north of the Arctic Circle. It provides new perspectives and archaeological evidence for the Viking age farm of Norway, differences in regional settlement structures of agrarian societies, the relation between houses and graves in the Iron Age, and varying food practices as indicators of societal change

A simply connected, homogeneous domain that is not a quasidisk

We construct a simply connected, homogeneous domain that is not a quasidisk. This shows that a theorem by Sarvas (1985) can not be generalized to simply connected domains instead of Jordan domains

Towards a dynamic reference frame in Iceland

There is a growing need for geodetic reference frames that on a national level support the increas-ing use of global positioning services. Today, the vast majority of countries have their own national ref-erence frame. In Europe this frame is normally aligned to ETRS89. This system is co-moving with theEurasian tectonic plate. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and global positioning services arenormally aligned to the Earth as a whole through a global reference frame like ITRF2014. Consequently,global positioning services does not give direct access to the national reference frame without a time-dependent transformation.A solution is to align the national reference frame directly to a global reference frame. In such aframe, the coordinates of a point fixed to the ground will change with time, - a fact leading to the expres-sion dynamic reference frame (DRF).To be prepared for future challenges, the Nordic Geodetic Commission (NKG) initiated a pilot-project on DRF in Iceland. Iceland has a very active and complex geodynamic situation. It is located atthe boundary of two tectonic plates and affected by seismic and volcanic activity, recent ice loadingchanges as well as glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Due to this, the traditional concept of a static geo-detic reference frame is difficult to maintain at the uncertainty level required by modern applications.Iceland was therefore a natural place to investigate the concept of DRF.This paper focuses on the outcome and conclusions of the DRF project in Iceland. We give tenpreconditions for a DRF. Living on an ever-changing Earth, we see that many of these preconditionshave to be in place regardless of type of reference frame. Through the work in the Nordic countries andNKG, the Nordic area will be well prepared for the future challenges. However, some legal issues forinstance, can be challenging. A two-frame solution combining static- and dynamic- reference framesseems like the best alternative in the foreseeable future

geopandas/geopandas: v0.14.2

Python tools for geographic dat