RNY-derived small RNAs as a signature of coronary artery disease

International audienceBackgroundData from next generation sequencing technologies uncovered the existence of many classes of small RNAs. Recent studies reported that small RNAs are released by cells and can be detected in the blood. In this report, we aimed to discover the occurrence of novel circulating small RNAs in coronary artery disease (CAD).MethodsWe used high-throughput sequencing of small RNAs from human and mouse apoptotic primary macrophages, and analyzed the data by empirical Bayes moderated t-statistics to assess differential expression and the Benjamini and Hochberg method to control the false discovery rate. Results were then confirmed by Northern blot and RT-qPCR in foam cells and in two animal models for atherosclerosis, namely ApoE −/− and Ldlr −/− mouse lines. Quantitative RT-PCR to detect identified small RNAs, the RNY-derived small RNAs, was performed using sera of 263 patients with CAD compared to 514 matched healthy controls; the Student t-test was applied to statistically assess differences. Associations of small RNAs with clinical characteristics and biological markers were tested using Spearman’s rank correlations, while multivariate logistic regressions were performed to test the statistical association of small RNA levels with CAD.ResultsHere, we report that, in macrophages stimulated with pro-apoptotic or pro-atherogenic stimuli, the Ro-associated non-coding RNAs, called RNYs or Y-RNAs, are processed into small RNAs (~24–34 nt) referred to as small-RNYs (s-RNYs), including s-RNY1-5p processed from RNY1. A significant upregulation of s-RNY expression was found in aortic arches and blood plasma from ApoE −/− and Ldlr −/− mice and in serum from CAD patients (P <0.001). Biostatistical analysis revealed a positive association of s-RNY1-5p with hs-CRP and ApoB levels; however, no statistical interaction was found between either of these two markers and s-RNY1-5p in relation to the CAD status. Levels of s-RNY1-5p were also independent from statin and fibrate therapies.ConclusionOur results position the s-RNY1-5p as a relevant novel independent diagnostic biomarker for atherosclerosis-related diseases. Measurement of circulating s-RNY expression would be a valuable companion diagnostic to monitor foam cell apoptosis during atherosclerosis pathogenesis and to evaluate patient’s responsiveness to future therapeutic strategies aiming to attenuate apoptosis in foam cells in advanced atherosclerotic lesions

Physiopathologic study of the YRNA-derived small RNA in atherosclerotic macrophages

La récente découverte de nouvelles classes de petits ARN a ouvert la voie permettant l’exploration de nouvelles régulations des évènements physiopathologiques. Nous avons récemment démontré que les petits ARN dérivés des RNY (s-RNY) forment une classe indépendante de biomarqueurs permettant la détection de lésions coronariennes et sont associés au fardeau athérosclérotique. Ici, nous étudions le rôle des s-RNY dans les monocytes/macrophages humains et murins et avons démontré que dans les monocytes/macrophages chargées en graisse l’expression des s-RNY est corrélée dans le temps avec l’activation de la mort cellulaire dirigée par les caspases et de l’inflammation via la voie NF-κB. Des expériences de gain ou de perte de fonction ont démontré que l’expression même des s-RNY active la caspase 3 et l’activation de NF-κB. Etant donné que, dans les maladies cardiovasculaires, les s-RNY sont associés à Ro60 et circulent dans le sang de patients, nous avons étudié la fonction extracellulaire du complexe Ro60/s-RNY. Nos données démontrent que ce complexe induit la mort cellulaire ainsi que l’inflammation, lorsqu’il est ajouté au milieu de culture de monocytes/macrophages. Enfin, nous démontrons aussi que la fonction des s-RNY se fait par l’intermédiaire du récepteur de type Toll, TLR7. En utilisant un inhibiteur spécifique des TLR7, nous avons bloqué les effets intracellulaires aussi bien que les effets extracellulaires des s-RNY. Ces résultats positionnent les s-RNY en tant que molécules significatives qui vont impacter la physiopathologie des macrophages, indiquant leur rôle potentiel en tant que médiateur des maladies inflammatoires comme l’athéroscléroseThe recent discovery of new classes of small RNAs has opened unknown territories to explore new regulations of physiopathological events. We have recently demonstrated that RNY-derived small RNAs (referred to as s-RNYs) are an independent class of clinical biomarkers to detect coronary artery lesions and are associated to atherosclerosis burden. Here, we have studied the role of s-RNYs in human and mouse monocytes/macrophages and have shown that in lipid-laden monocytes/macrophages s-RNY expression is timely correlated to the activation of both NF-κB and caspase 3-dependent cell death pathways. Loss- or gain-of- function experiments demonstrated that s-RNYs activate caspase 3 and NF-κB signaling pathways ultimately promoting cell death and inflammatory responses. Since, in atherosclerosis, Ro60-associated s-RNYs generated by apoptotic macrophages are released in the blood of patients, we have investigated the extracellular function of the s-RNY/Ro60 complex. Our data demonstrated that s-RNY/Ro60 complex induces caspase 3-dependent cell death and NF-κB-dependent inflammation, when added to the medium of cultured monocytes/macrophages. Finally, we have shown that s-RNY function is mediated by Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). Indeed using chloroquine, which disrupts signaling of endosome-localized Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or a more specific TLR7 antagonist, we blocked the effect of either intracellular or extracellular s-RNYs. These results position s-RNYs as relevant novel functional molecules that impacts on macrophage physiopathology, indicating their potential role as mediators of inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosi

RNY (YRNA)-derived small RNAs regulate cell death and inflammation in monocytes/macrophages.

The recent discovery of new classes of small RNAs has opened unknown territories to explore new regulations of physiopathological events. We have recently demonstrated that RNY (or Y RNA)-derived small RNAs (referred to as s-RNYs) are an independent class of clinical biomarkers to detect coronary artery lesions and are associated with atherosclerosis burden. Here, we have studied the role of s-RNYs in human and mouse monocytes/macrophages and have shown that in lipid-laden monocytes/macrophages s-RNY expression is timely correlated to the activation of both NF-kappaB and caspase 3-dependent cell death pathways. Loss- or gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that s-RNYs activate caspase 3 and NF-kappaB signaling pathways ultimately promoting cell death and inflammatory responses. As, in atherosclerosis, Ro60-associated s-RNYs generated by apoptotic macrophages are released in the blood of patients, we have investigated the extracellular function of the s-RNY/Ro60 complex. Our data demonstrated that s-RNY/Ro60 complex induces caspase 3-dependent cell death and NF-kappaB-dependent inflammation, when added to the medium of cultured monocytes/macrophages. Finally, we have shown that s-RNY function is mediated by Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). Indeed using chloroquine, which disrupts signaling of endosome-localized TLRs 3, 7, 8 and 9 or the more specific TLR7/9 antagonist, the phosphorothioated oligonucleotide IRS954, we blocked the effect of either intracellular or extracellular s-RNYs. These results position s-RNYs as relevant novel functional molecules that impacts on macrophage physiopathology, indicating their potential role as mediators of inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis

The PRKAA1/AMPKα1 pathway triggers autophagy during CSF1-induced human monocyte differentiation and is a potential target in CMML

Autophagy is induced during differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages that is mediated by CSF1/CSF- 1/M-CSF (colony stimulating factor 1 [macrophage]). However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that link CSF1 receptor engagement to the induction of autophagy. Here we show that the CAMKK2-PRKAA1-ULK1 pathway is required for CSF1-induced autophagy and human monocyte differentiation. We reveal that this pathway links P2RY6 to the induction of autophagy, and we decipher the signaling network that links the CSF1 receptor to P2RY6-mediated autophagy and monocyte differentiation. In addition, we show that the physiological P2RY6 ligand UDP and the specific P2RY6 agonist MRS2693 can restore normal monocyte differentiation through reinduction of autophagy in primary myeloid cells from some but not all chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) patients. Collectively, our findings highlight an essential role for PRKAA1-mediated autophagy during differentiation of human monocytes and pave the way for future therapeutic interventions for CMML.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Additional file 1: Table S6. of RNY-derived small RNAs as a signature of coronary artery disease

Oligonucleotides used for RT-PCR, cloning and Northern blot analyses. (PDF 19 kb

Additional file 7: Table S2. of RNY-derived small RNAs as a signature of coronary artery disease

Bioinformatic analysis of the high-throughput small RNAs sequencing of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with macrophage-colony stimulating factor withdrawal (highlighted in pink the RNY-derived small RNAs). (XLS 1017 kb

Additional file 11: Table S4. of RNY-derived small RNAs as a signature of coronary artery disease

Bioinformatic analysis of the high-throughput small RNAs sequencing of 25–40 nt size selected RNAs from bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with macrophage-colony stimulating factor withdrawal (highlighted in pink the RNY-derived small RNAs). (XLS 439 kb

Additional file 6: Tables S1. of RNY-derived small RNAs as a signature of coronary artery disease

Bioinformatic analysis of the high-throughput small RNAs sequencing of human primary macrophages stimulated with staurosporine at the indicated time (highlighted in pink the RNY-derived small RNAs). (XLS 1622 kb

Control of APOBEC3B induction and cccDNA decay by NF-κB and miR-138-5p

International audienc